Linux教程：如何使用kubeadm从头到尾搭建k8s单节点服务并部署dashboard

前言：

在以往教程中，我们使用的是Minikube快速搭建的k8s服务，但这种方式只能在开发环境中使用，并不推荐生产环境，官方的推荐的方案是采用kubeadm快速搭建、kubeadm是官方社区推出的一个用于快速部署kubernetes集群的工具，它提供kubeadm init和kubeadm join作为创建Kubernetes集群的最佳实践“快捷路径”。本章我们来介绍下如何使用kubeadm从零开始搭建。

第一步、准备环境

1、修改主机名为master

hostnamectl set-hostname master
hostnamectl status

vi /etc/hosts
reboot

2、关闭防火墙、selinux、交换空间swap

systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld
sed -i 's/enforcing/disabled/' /etc/selinux/config
setenforce 0

swapoff -a

3、将桥接的IPv4流量传递到iptables的链

cat > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf << EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
EOF

sysctl --system
yum update -y

第二步、安装docker

1、配置docker repo文件

yum -y install wget && wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo
yum clean all && yum makecache fast
yum whatprovides docker-ce

这里我们选择安装20.10版本

yum -y install docker-ce-20.10.12-3.el7.x86_64

2、启动并设置开机自启

systemctl start docker
systemctl status docker
systemctl enable docker.service

第三步、使用kubeadm安装k8s

1、添加阿里云Yum的软件源地址

cat > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo << EOF
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF

2、安装kubelet-1.23.6 kubeadm-1.23.6 kubectl-1.23.6

yum install -y kubelet-1.23.6 kubeadm-1.23.6 kubectl-1.23.6
systemctl enable kubelet

3、kubeadm初始化，国内替换为阿里云镜像仓库地址

kubeadm init  --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.116.133  --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers   --kubernetes-version v1.23.6   --service-cidr=10.1.0.0/16   --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16

其中192.168.116.133为本机的ip地址

如果遇到如下错误：

默认情况下Kubernetes cgroup为system，我们需要更改Docker cgroup驱动

步骤：

vim /etc/docker/daemon.json

加入如下：

{
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"]
}

执行：

# 重启docker
systemctl restart docker
# 重新初始化
kubeadm reset # 先重置
kubeadm init  --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.116.133  --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers   --kubernetes-version v1.23.6   --service-cidr=10.1.0.0/16   --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16

初始化成功，记住此token，如果是多节点将会使用此凭证进行连接，本章采用单节点，所以可忽略~

4、配置使用kubectl

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
kubectl get nodes

5、去除master的污点

master 节点是默认不允许调度 pod 的，需要执行以下命令将 master 标记为可调度

kubectl taint nodes --all node-role.kubernetes.io/master-
kubectl get pods -A

第四步、安装网络插件-flannel

在完成了k8s的集群部署后查看集群状态的话还不是ready的状态，所以需要安装网络插件来完成k8s的集群创建的最后一步

kube-flannel.yml文件在国外，可以使用作者的文件：

---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
  name: psp.flannel.unprivileged
  annotations:
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: docker/default
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: docker/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
spec:
  privileged: false
  volumes:
  - configMap
  - secret
  - emptyDir
  - hostPath
  allowedHostPaths:
  - pathPrefix: "/etc/cni/net.d"
  - pathPrefix: "/etc/kube-flannel"
  - pathPrefix: "/run/flannel"
  readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
  runAsUser:
    rule: RunAsAny
  supplementalGroups:
    rule: RunAsAny
  fsGroup:
    rule: RunAsAny
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  allowedCapabilities: ['NET_ADMIN', 'NET_RAW']
  defaultAddCapabilities: []
  requiredDropCapabilities: []
  hostPID: false
  hostIPC: false
  hostNetwork: true
  hostPorts:
  - min: 0
    max: 65535
  seLinux:
    rule: 'RunAsAny'
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: flannel
rules:
- apiGroups: ['extensions']
  resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
  verbs: ['use']
  resourceNames: ['psp.flannel.unprivileged']
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - pods
  verbs:
  - get
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - nodes
  verbs:
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - nodes/status
  verbs:
  - patch
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: flannel
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: flannel
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-cfg
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
data:
  cni-conf.json: |
    {
      "name": "cbr0",
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "plugins": [
        {
          "type": "flannel",
          "delegate": {
            "hairpinMode": true,
            "isDefaultGateway": true
          }
        },
        {
          "type": "portmap",
          "capabilities": {
            "portMappings": true
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  net-conf.json: |
    {
      "Network": "10.244.0.0/16",
      "Backend": {
        "Type": "vxlan"
      }
    }
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
            - matchExpressions:
              - key: kubernetes.io/os
                operator: In
                values:
                - linux
      hostNetwork: true
      priorityClassName: system-node-critical
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni-plugin
        image: rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.1.0
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /flannel
        - /opt/cni/bin/flannel
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni-plugin
          mountPath: /opt/cni/bin
      - name: install-cni
        image: rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel:v0.18.1
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel:v0.18.1
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
            add: ["NET_ADMIN", "NET_RAW"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        - name: EVENT_QUEUE_DEPTH
          value: "5000"
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
        - name: xtables-lock
          mountPath: /run/xtables.lock
      volumes:
      - name: run
        hostPath:
          path: /run/flannel
      - name: cni-plugin
        hostPath:
          path: /opt/cni/bin
      - name: cni
        hostPath:
          path: /etc/cni/net.d
      - name: flannel-cfg
        configMap:
          name: kube-flannel-cfg
      - name: xtables-lock
        hostPath:
          path: /run/xtables.lock
          type: FileOrCreate

执行文件：

kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml
kubectl get pods -A

安装完成

第五步、安装部署Dashboard

1、获取资源配置文件

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.5.1/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml

修改如下位置为：

kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  type: NodePort
  ports:
    - port: 443
      targetPort: 8443
      nodePort: 32508
  selector:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard

2、执行

kubectl apply -f recommended.yaml

3、创建dashboard-adminuser.yml文件，内容如下​：

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
    name: admin-user
    namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
    name: admin-user
    annotations:
        rbac.authorization.kubernetes.io/autoupdate: "true"
roleRef:
    apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
    kind: ClusterRole
    name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kube-system

kubectl create -f dashboard-adminuser.yml

4、获取token

kubectl -n kube-system describe secret $(kubectl -n kube-system get secret | grep admin-user | awk '{print $1}')

5、浏览器输入https://192.168.116.133:32508/

输入token进入，大功告成~

#好了，本次教程到这里就结束了，希望大家多多点赞关注支持（首席摸鱼师 微信同号），持续跟踪最新文章吧~