130124202408161001
TAGSDATE #:20240816
ITEM #:DOC
WEEK #:FRIDAY
DAIL #:捌月拾叁
< BGM = ["Autism--闫东炜"](https://music.163.com/song?id=1321871852&userid=8847964125) > < theme = oi-math linear math > < [空] > < [空] > < [空] >> ``` >今天不想做,所以才要做 -- 春上村树 > ```
向量小结
向量
向量:加法,数乘
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A:(x_1,y_1),B:(x_2,y_2)\\ \vec{AB} = (x_1-x_1,y_2-y_1)\\ \vec{a} = \begin{pmatrix} x_a\\y_a \end{pmatrix},\vec{b} = \begin{pmatrix}x_b\\y_b\end{pmatrix} \\ 数乘:k \vec{a} = (kx_a,ky_a)\\ 加法:\vec{a}+\vec{b}(x_1+x_2,y_1,y_2)\\
A:(x1,y1),B:(x2,y2)AB=(x1−x1,y2−y1)a=(xaya),b=(xbyb)数乘:ka=(kxa,kya)加法:a+b(x1+x2,y1,y2)
向量值:
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(\vec{a},\vec{b},\vec{c})
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加;数乘:线性运算
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为线性组合
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线性表出
\underline{设\vec{a_1}....\vec{a_n}} \\ 称\sum_{i=1}^{n}k_i\vec{a_i}为线性组合 \\ 若\vec{b}=\sum_{i=1}^{n}k_i\vec{a_i}, \\ 则\vec{b}可由这个集合表示出 \\ \exists i \in \{1,....,n\},a_i可被a_j(j\ne i)线性表出
设a1....an称i=1∑nkiai为线性组合若b=i=1∑nkiai,则b可由这个集合表示出∃i∈{1,....,n},ai可被aj(j=i)线性表出
线性相关
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线性相关 \Longleftrightarrow \exists k_i ,\sum_{i=1}^{n}k_i\vec{a_i} = \vec{0},存在k_i \ne 0 \\ 线性无关 \Longleftrightarrow \sum_{i=1}^{n}k_i\vec{a_i},任意k_i = 0 \\
线性相关⟺∃ki,i=1∑nkiai=0,存在ki=0线性无关⟺i=1∑nkiai,任意ki=0
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\vec{a_1},\vec{a_2}线性相关 \Longleftrightarrow \vec{a_1} // \vec{a_2} \\ 包含\vec{0} \Rightarrow 线性相关 \\
a1,a2线性相关⟺a1//a2包含0⇒线性相关
平面向量基本定理:
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\vec{a_1},\vec{a_2},\vec{a_3}一定线性相关
a1,a2,a3一定线性相关
正交化,单位化
设 ( a 1 ⃗ . . . . a n ⃗ ) 设 ( a b 1 ⃗ . . . . a b k ⃗ ) 极大且线性无关联 设(\vec{a_1}....\vec{a_n}) \\ 设(\vec{a_{b_1}}....\vec{a_{bk}})极大且线性无关联 \\ 设(a1....an)设(ab1....abk)极大且线性无关联
命题1:
b ⃗ 可由 a 1 ⃗ . . . . a n ⃗ 线性表出 标出方式唯一 ⟺ a 1 ⃗ . . . . a n ⃗ 线性无关 \vec{b}可由\vec{a_1}....\vec{a_n}线性表出 \\ 标出方式唯一\Longleftrightarrow \vec{a_1}....\vec{a_n}线性无关 \\ b可由a1....an线性表出标出方式唯一⟺a1....an线性无关
b ⃗ = ∑ i = 1 n k i a i ⃗ = ∑ i = 1 n t i a i ⃗ ⇒ ∑ i = 1 n ( k i − t i ) a i ⃗ = 0 ⃗ ∑ i = 1 n k i a i ⃗ = 0 ⃗ \vec{b} = \sum_{i=1}^{n}k_i\vec{a_i} = \sum_{i=1}^{n}t_i\vec{a_i} \\ \Rightarrow \sum_{i=1}^{n}(k_i-t_i)\vec{a_i} = \vec{0} \\ \sum_{i=1}^{n}k_i\vec{a_i}=\vec{0} b=i=1∑nkiai=i=1∑ntiai⇒i=1∑n(ki−ti)ai=0i=1∑nkiai=0
命题2:
a 1 ⃗ , . . . . . . , a n ⃗ 线性无关, a 1 ⃗ , . . . . . , a n ⃗ , b ⃗ 线性相关 ⟺ b ⃗ 可由 a 1 ⃗ , . . . , a n ⃗ 线性表出 \vec{a_1},......,\vec{a_n}线性无关,\vec{a_1},.....,\vec{a_n},\vec{b}线性相关 \\ \Longleftrightarrow \vec{b}可由\vec{a_1},...,\vec{a_n}线性表出 a1,......,an线性无关,a1,.....,an,b线性相关⟺b可由a1,...,an线性表出
∑ k a ⃗ + k n + 1 b ⃗ = 0 k n + 1 ≠ 0 → b ⃗ = ‾ k n + 1 = 0 ⇒ 矛盾 \sum k \vec{a}+k_{n+1}\vec{b} = 0 \\ k_{n+1} \ne 0 \to \vec{b} = \underline{} \\ k_{n+1}= 0\Rightarrow 矛盾 ∑ka+kn+1b=0kn+1=0→b=kn+1=0⇒矛盾
命题2.5:
( a 1 ⃗ , . . . , a n ⃗ ) 的极大无关 ( a k 1 ⃗ , . . . , a k t ⃗ ) 可唯一表出 a i ⃗ , i = 1 , 2 , . . . , n (\vec{a_1},...,\vec{a_n})的极大无关(\vec{a_{k_1}},...,\vec{a_{k_t}}) \\ 可唯一表出\vec{a_i},i=1,2,...,n \\ (a1,...,an)的极大无关(ak1,...,akt)可唯一表出ai,i=1,2,...,n
命题3:
a 1 ⃗ , . . . . , a n ⃗ 可表出 b 1 ⃗ , . . . . , b m ⃗ , 后者线性无关 则 n ≥ m \vec{a_1},....,\vec{a_n}可表出\vec{b_1},....,\vec{b_m},后者线性无关 \\ 则n\ge m a1,....,an可表出b1,....,bm,后者线性无关则n≥m
对n归纳,n=1,显然。下证n时命题成立
a 1 ⃗ , . . . , a n ⃗ \vec{a_1},...,\vec{a_n} a1,...,an表出, b 1 ⃗ , . . . , b n ⃗ , b n + 1 ⃗ , b n + 2 ⃗ \vec{b_1},...,\vec{b_n},\vec{b_{n+1}},\vec{b_{n+2}} b1,...,bn,bn+1,bn+2线性表出
$\Longleftrightarrow \underline{\vec{b_1},…\vec{b_n},\vec{b_{n+1}}-X \vec{a_{n+1}}} $ 线性相关
$\Longleftrightarrow \underline{} $ 线性无关,不成立
- n+1个向量
- 都可由 a 1 ⃗ , . . . , a n ⃗ \vec{a_1},...,\vec{a_n} a1,...,an表出
- 若线性相关
b n + 2 ⃗ = ∑ i + 1 n k i a n + 1 ⃗ , b n + 2 ⃗ − X a n + 1 ⃗ 可由, b 1 ⃗ , . . . , b n ⃗ 表出 a n + 1 ⃗ = 1 x ( b n + 1 ⃗ − ∑ i + 1 n k i a i ⃗ ) b n + 2 ⃗ = b n + 2 ⃗ − X a n + 1 ⃗ + X a n + 1 ⃗ \vec{b_{n+2}} = \sum_{i+1}^{n}k_i\vec{a_{n+1}},\vec{b_{n+2}}-X\vec{a_{n+1}}可由, \\ \vec{b_1},...,\vec{b_n}表出 \\ \vec{a_{n+1}} = \frac{1}{x}(\vec{b_{n+1}}-\sum_{i+1}^{n}k_i\vec{a_i}) \\ \vec{b_{n+2}} = \vec{b_{n+2}}-X\vec{a_{n+1}}+X\vec{a_{n+1}} bn+2=i+1∑nkian+1,bn+2−Xan+1可由,b1,...,bn表出an+1=x1(bn+1−i+1∑nkiai)bn+2=bn+2−Xan+1+Xan+1
命题4:
( a 1 ⃗ , . . . , a n ⃗ ) 任意两个极大值线性无关组大小相等 (\vec{a_1},...,\vec{a_n})任意两个极大值线性无关组大小相等 (a1,...,an)任意两个极大值线性无关组大小相等
向量组的极大线性无关组大小相同
秩: a 1 ⃗ , . . . , a n ⃗ \vec{a_1},...,\vec{a_n} a1,...,an的极大值线性无关组大小定义为秩,rank( a 1 ⃗ , . . . , a n ⃗ \vec{a_1},...,\vec{a_n} a1,...,an)
a ⃗ = ( x a , y a , z a ) \vec{a} = (x_a,y_a,z_a) a=(xa,ya,za)
a ⃗ \vec{a} a线性相关 ⟺ a 1 ⃗ = 0 \Longleftrightarrow \vec{a_1} = 0 ⟺a1=0
a 1 ⃗ , a 2 ⃗ \vec{a_1},\vec{a_2} a1,a2线性相关 ⟺ \Longleftrightarrow ⟺ 共线
a 1 ⃗ , a 2 ⃗ , a 3 ⃗ \vec{a_1},\vec{a_2},\vec{a_3} a1,a2,a3线性相关 ⟺ \Longleftrightarrow ⟺ 共面
感:n个向量线性相关, ⟺ \Longleftrightarrow ⟺n-1维空间内 ⟺ \Longleftrightarrow ⟺ n维体积为0
行列式:
∣ A ∣ : = ∑ ( − 1 ) τ ( j 1 , j 2 , . . . , j n ) a 1 , j 1 , a 2 , j 2 . . . . a n , j n ( d e t A ) j 1 j 2 . . . j n |A|:=\sum(-1)^{\tau(j_1,j_2,...,j_n)}a_{1,j_1},a_{2,j_2}....a_{n,j_n} \\ (det A)j_1j_2...j_n ∣A∣:=∑(−1)τ(j1,j2,...,jn)a1,j1,a2,j2....an,jn(detA)j1j2...jn
( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , . . . . , a n ) A = ( a 11 a 12 . . . a 1 n a 21 a 22 . . . a 2 n . . . a n 1 a n 2 . . . a n m ) n × m 矩阵 n × m ∣ a b c d ∣ = a d − b c ∣ 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 ∣ = 15 − 12 − 24 + 12 + 24 − 15 = 0 (a_1,a_2,a_3,....,a_n) \\ A= \begin{pmatrix} a_{11}\ a_{12}... a_{1n}\\ a_{21}\ a_{22}... a_{2n}\\ ... \\ a_{n1}\ a_{n2}... a_{nm} \end{pmatrix}_{n \times m} \\ 矩阵n \times m \\ \begin{vmatrix} a\ b\\ c\ d \end{vmatrix} = ad-bc\\ \begin{vmatrix} 1 \ 2 \ 3 \\ 4 \ 5 \ 6 \\ 1 \ 2 \ 3 \end{vmatrix} = 15-12-24+12+24-15 = 0 \\ (a1,a2,a3,....,an)A= a11 a12...a1na21 a22...a2n...an1 an2...anm n×m矩阵n×m a bc d =ad−bc 1 2 34 5 61 2 3 =15−12−24+12+24−15=0
n为向量
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\begin{pmatrix} a_{11}....a_{1m}\\ ....\\ a_{n1}....a_{nm} \end{pmatrix}
a11....a1m....an1....anm
矩阵的秩: a 1 , . . . , a m a_1,...,a_m a1,...,am的秩rank A
(a_1,…,a_n) { ∑ i = 1 n : k i ∈ R } \{\sum_{i=1}^{n}:k_i\in R\} {∑i=1n:ki∈R}
矩阵的运算:
- 加 M n × m × M n × m → M n × m M_{n\times m}\times M_{n\times m}\to M_{n\times m} Mn×m×Mn×m→Mn×m
- 数乘 R × M n × m → M n × m R \times M_{n\times m} \to M_{n\times m} R×Mn×m→Mn×m
- 乘法 M n × m × M m × n → M n × s M_{n\times m}\times M_{m\times n}\to M_{n\times s} Mn×m×Mm×n→Mn×s
- 转置 M n × m → M m × n M_{n\times m}\to M_{m\times n} Mn×m→Mm×n
A = ( a i j ) n × m A=(a_{ij})_{n\times m} A=(aij)n×m
A = ( a 11 . . . a 1 m . . . a n 1 . . . a n m ) B = ( b 11 . . . b 1 m . . . b n 1 . . . b n m ) A= \begin{pmatrix} a_{11}...a_{1m}\\ ...\\ a_{n1}...a_{nm} \end{pmatrix}\\ B = \begin{pmatrix} b_{11}...b_{1m}\\ ...\\ b_{n1}...b_{nm} \end{pmatrix} A= a11...a1m...an1...anm B= b11...b1m...bn1...bnm
A + b = ( a i j + b i j ) n × m A+b = (a_{ij}+b_{ij})_{n\times m} A+b=(aij+bij)n×m
A τ 或 A ′ = ( a i j ) n × m A^{\tau}或A' = (a_{ij})_{n\times m} Aτ或A′=(aij)n×m
K A = ( k a i j ) n × m KA = (ka_{ij})_{n\times m} KA=(kaij)n×m
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\begin{pmatrix}
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4 \ 5 \ 6
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30 \ 53
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A ( n × m ) B ( m × s ) = C ( n × s ) C = ( C i j ) n × s C i j = ∑ k = 1 m a i k b k j A_{(n\times m)}B_{(m\times s)} = C_{(n\times s)}\\ C = (C_{ij})_{n\times s}\\ C_{ij} = \sum_{k=1}^{m}a_{ik}b_{kj} A(n×m)B(m×s)=C(n×s)C=(Cij)n×sCij=k=1∑maikbkj
行列式性质:
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转置det不变
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∣ a 11 . . . . . a k 1 . . a k n . . . ∣ = t ∣ a 11 . . . . . . . . 1 t a k 1 . . 1 t a k n . . . ∣ \begin{vmatrix} a_{11}.....\\ a_{k1}..a_{kn}\\ ... \end{vmatrix} = t\begin{vmatrix} a_{11}........\\ \frac{1}{t}a_{k1}..\frac{1}{t}a_{kn}\\ ... \end{vmatrix} a11.....ak1..akn... =t a11........t1ak1..t1akn...
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∣ a 11 . . . . . a k 1 + b k 1 . . . a k n + b k n . . . . . a n n ∣ = ∣ a 11 . . . . . a k 1 . . . a k n . . . . . ∣ + ∣ a 11 . . . . . b k 1 . . . b k n . . . . . ∣ \begin{vmatrix} a_{11}.....\\ a_{k_1}+b_{k_1}...a_{k_n}+b_{k_n}\\ .....a_{nn} \end{vmatrix}= \begin{vmatrix} a_{11}.....\\ a_{k_1}...a_{k_n}\\ ..... \end{vmatrix}+ \begin{vmatrix} a_{11}.....\\ b_{k_1}...b_{k_n}\\ ..... \end{vmatrix} a11.....ak1+bk1...akn+bkn.....ann = a11.....ak1...akn..... + a11.....bk1...bkn.....
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第i,j行互换,值乘-1
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i,j行相等,值等于0
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$5+2\Rightarrow $i行为j行的k倍,值=0
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3 + 6 ⇒ 3+6\Rightarrow 3+6⇒把一行的k倍加到零一行上,值不变
矩阵的初等变换
- i行乘k
- i行加上j行上的k倍
- i,j行互换
命题:
∣ A B ∣ = ∣ A ∣ ∣ B ∣ |AB| = |A||B| ∣AB∣=∣A∣∣B∣
线性空间
y = a x + b y = ax+b y=ax+b 线性
a 1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 + . . . + a n x n a_1x_1+a_2x_2+...+a_nx_n a1x1+a2x2+...+anxn
(n元一次多项式)线性
- x与x之间的加法
- x与a之间的乘法
KaTeX parse error: Undefined control sequence: \Q at position 1: \̲Q̲[\R^n]_1
x为不定元,a为常数,a加减乘除封闭的数集
集合(L,+,·)成为域F上的线性空间,如果:
- $ +: L\times L \to L$
- $ +: 单位元 $
- + :交换律 +:交换律 +:交换律
- + :逆元 ( 负元 ) +: 逆元(负元) +:逆元(负元)
- + :结合律 ( a + b ) + c = a ( b + c ) +:结合律(a+b)+c=a(b+c) +:结合律(a+b)+c=a(b+c)
- ⋅ : F × L → L ·:F\times L \to L ⋅:F×L→L
- ∀ x ∈ L , 1 x = x \forall x \in L,1x = x ∀x∈L,1x=x
- ∀ k , l ∈ F , ∀ x ∈ L k l ( x ) = ( k l ) x \forall k,l\in F,\forall x \in L kl(x)=(kl)x ∀k,l∈F,∀x∈Lkl(x)=(kl)x
- ∀ k , l ∈ F , ∀ x ∈ L , ( k + l ) x = k x + l x \forall k,l\in F,\forall x \in L,(k+l)x=kx+lx ∀k,l∈F,∀x∈L,(k+l)x=kx+lx
- ∀ k ∈ F , ∀ x , y , ∈ L , k ( x + y ) = k x + k y \forall k\in F,\forall x,y, \in L,k(x+y) = kx+ky ∀k∈F,∀x,y,∈L,k(x+y)=kx+ky
1-5条说明 ( L , + ) , 为一个 A b e l 群 (L,+),为一个Abel群 (L,+),为一个Abel群
群论
群
( G , + ) : (G,+): (G,+):
- 结合律
- 单位元e, ∀ a ∈ G , a e = a \forall a \in G ,ae = a ∀a∈G,ae=a
- 逆元 a − 1 , ∀ a ∈ G , a a − 1 = e a^{-1},\forall a \in G ,aa^{-1} = e a−1,∀a∈G,aa−1=e
环
( R , + , × ) (R,+,\times) (R,+,×):
- ( R , + ) 满足交换律的群( A b e l 群) (R,+)满足交换律的群(Abel群) (R,+)满足交换律的群(Abel群)
- × \times ×结合律
- a ( b + c ) = a b + a c ( a + b ) c = a c + b c a(b+c) = ab+ac\\ (a+b)c = ac+bc a(b+c)=ab+ac(a+b)c=ac+bc
域
( F , + , × ) (F,+,\times) (F,+,×):
- ( F , + , × ) (F,+,\times) (F,+,×)是一个环
- ( F / { 0 } , × ) (F/\{0\},\times) (F/{0},×)是一个Abel群
( Z , + , × ) , ( Z m , + , × ) , ( 0 ‾ , 1 ‾ , . . . , m − 1 ‾ ) (\Z,+,\times),(\Z_{m},+,\times),(\overline{0},\overline{1},...,\overline{m-1}) (Z,+,×),(Zm,+,×),(0,1,...,m−1)
( Z p , + , × ) (\Z_p,+,\times) (Zp,+,×)
Maxn环:
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\Z_2^{n} = \{\begin{pmatrix}a_1\\..\\..\\..\\a_n\end{pmatrix}:a_i\in \Z_2\}
Z2n={
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( a 1 . . . . . . a n ) \begin{pmatrix}a_1\\..\\..\\..\\a_n\end{pmatrix} a1......an 向量,向量值,线性组合,线性表出线性相关/无关
极大线性无关组,秩
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(a_1,...,a_m)=\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}...a_{1m}\\ .....\\ a_{n1}...a_{nm} \end{pmatrix}a\in F
(a1,...,am)=
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L线性空间,
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(W,+,⋅)是线性空间,W是L的线性子空间
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( a 1 , . . . . , a n ) (a_1,....,a_n) (a1,....,an)的所有线性组合是线性子空间,称为该空间张成的子空间 < a 1 , . . . , a n > <a_1,...,a_n> <a1,...,an>
( a 1 , . . . , a n ) (a_1,...,a_n) (a1,...,an)线性无关,且 < a 1 ,。。。, a n > = L <a_1,。。。,a_n>=L <a1,。。。,an>=L ⟺ \Longleftrightarrow ⟺ a 1 , . . . , a n a_1,...,a_n a1,...,an是L的极大线性无关组
成为L的基,基所含向量个数称为L的维数,记作dim L
线性空间
L为线性空间,
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e1,e2,...,en是一组基
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e_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 1\\0\\ . \\ . \\ . \\ . \\ 0\end{pmatrix} e_2 = \begin{pmatrix} 0\\1 \\. \\ . \\ .\\ .\\0 \end{pmatrix} ... e_n = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ . \\ .\\ . \\ . \\0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}
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n个线性无关,就是一组基
命题一
a ! , . . . . , a n a_!,....,a_n a!,....,an张成的子空间等于它极大线性无关组张成的子空间
a 1 , . . . , a n a_1,...,a_n a1,...,an线性无关
d i m < a 1 , . . . , a n > = n , r a n k < a 1 , . . . , a n > = n dim<a_1,...,a_n> = n,rank<a_1,...,a_n> = n dim<a1,...,an>=n,rank<a1,...,an>=n
a 1 , . . . , a n a_1,...,a_n a1,...,an不一定线性无关, r a n k { a 1 , . . . , a n } = r rank\{a_1,...,a_n\} = r rank{a1,...,an}=r
命题二
d i m < a 1 , . . . , a n > = r a n k { a 1 , . . . , a n } dim<a_1,...,a_n> = rank\{a_1,...,a_n\} dim<a1,...,an>=rank{a1,...,an}
定义集合 S ⊂ L S \subset L S⊂L,rankS是S的极大线性无关组所含向量个数
S 1 S_1 S1与 S 2 S_2 S2等价
- rank(S) = r,则S的任意r+1个向量线性相关
- dim(L) = r,则L任意r个线性无关向量为一组基
- dim(L) = r, a 1 , . . . , a r a_1,...,a_r a1,...,ar能表出L中所有向量,则是一组基
- U ⊆ W U \subseteq W U⊆W,则 d i m U ≤ d i m W dimU \le dimW dimU≤dimW
- U ⊆ W , d i m U = d i m W U\subseteq W,dimU = dimW U⊆W,dimU=dimW,则 U = W U=W U=W
- r a n k { a 1 , . . . , a n } = d i m < a 1 , . . . , a n > rank\{a_1,...,a_n\}=dim<a_1,...,a_n> rank{a1,...,an}=dim<a1,...,an>
线性空间命题
L is a linear space , U ⊆ L , W ⊆ L U \subseteq L,W \subseteq L U⊆L,W⊆L
命题1
U ∩ W ⊆ L U \cap W \subseteq L U∩W⊆L
U + W : = < U ∩ W > U+W:=<U \cap W> U+W:=<U∩W>称为U与W的和
$ = {a_1,a_2:a_1\in U,a_2 \in W}$
命题2
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<a_1,...a_s>+<b_1,...b_r> = <a_1,...a_s,b_1,...,b_r>
<a1,...as>+<b1,...br>=<a1,...as,b1,...,br>
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\sum_{i=1}^{s}k_ia_i+\sum_{i_1}^{r}k_ib_i=\sum_{i=1}^{s}k_ia_i+\sum_{i=s+1}^{s+r}k_ia_i\\ a_{i+s} = b_i = \sum_{i=1}^{s+r}k_ia_i
i=1∑skiai+i1∑rkibi=i=1∑skiai+i=s+1∑s+rkiaiai+s=bi=i=1∑s+rkiai
命题3
d i m U + d i m W = d i m ( U + W ) + d i m ( U ∩ W ) dim U+dim W = dim(U+W)+dim(U\cap W) dimU+dimW=dim(U+W)+dim(U∩W)