终于找到了,单片机上可以使用的printf()简单实现代码

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-06 10:13:51 发布

wisepragma

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-06 10:13:51 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/wisepragma/article/details/132122749

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总是有些地方我们要使用printf函数,而且要自己实现它,编译器库不支持,或者库本身占用太多资源,所以就要能自己实现的版本,所以就找到了这个非标准的printf()
#define USE_YPRINTF
#include "yprintf.h"

//yprintf.h
/https://github.com/mpaland/printf//
// \author (c) Marco Paland (info@paland.com)
//             2014-2019, PALANDesign Hannover, Germany
//
// \license The MIT License (MIT)
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
//
// \brief Tiny printf, sprintf and snprintf implementation, optimized for speed on
//        embedded systems with a very limited resources.
//        Use this instead of bloated standard/newlib printf.
//        These routines are thread safe and reentrant.
//
///
#if 0
LICENSE

The MIT License(MIT)

Copyright(c) 2014 Marco Paland

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files(the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
    copies or substantial portions of the Software.

    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
    OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
    SOFTWARE.

#endif
    #ifndef _PRINTF_H_
#define _PRINTF_H_

#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stddef.h>


    #ifdef __cplusplus
    extern "C" {
    #endif


/**
 * Output a character to a custom device like UART, used by the printf() function
 * This function is declared here only. You have to write your custom implementation somewhere
 * \param character Character to output
 */
void _putchar(char ch);


/**
 * Tiny printf implementation
 * You have to implement _putchar if you use printf()
 * To avoid conflicts with the regular printf() API it is overridden by macro defines
 * and internal underscore-appended functions like printf_() are used
 * \param format A string that specifies the format of the output
 * \return The number of characters that are written into the array, not counting the terminating null character
 */
#if defined(USE_YPRINTF)
#define printf printf_
#endif
int printf_(const char *format, ...);


/**
 * Tiny sprintf implementation
 * Due to security reasons (buffer overflow) YOU SHOULD CONSIDER USING (V)SNPRINTF INSTEAD!
 * \param buffer A pointer to the buffer where to store the formatted string. MUST be big enough to store the output!
 * \param format A string that specifies the format of the output
 * \return The number of characters that are WRITTEN into the buffer, not counting the terminating null character
 */
#define sprintf sprintf_
int sprintf_(char *buffer, const char *format, ...);


/**
 * Tiny snprintf/vsnprintf implementation
 * \param buffer A pointer to the buffer where to store the formatted string
 * \param count The maximum number of characters to store in the buffer, including a terminating null character
 * \param format A string that specifies the format of the output
 * \param va A value identifying a variable arguments list
 * \return The number of characters that COULD have been written into the buffer, not counting the terminating
 *         null character. A value equal or larger than count indicates truncation. Only when the returned value
 *         is non-negative and less than count, the string has been completely written.
 */
#define snprintf  snprintf_
#define vsnprintf vsnprintf_
int  snprintf_(char *buffer, size_t count, const char *format, ...);
int vsnprintf_(char *buffer, size_t count, const char *format, va_list va);


/**
 * Tiny vprintf implementation
 * \param format A string that specifies the format of the output
 * \param va A value identifying a variable arguments list
 * \return The number of characters that are WRITTEN into the buffer, not counting the terminating null character
 */
#define vprintf vprintf_
int vprintf_(const char *format, va_list va);


/**
 * printf with output function
 * You may use this as dynamic alternative to printf() with its fixed _putchar() output
 * \param out An output function which takes one character and an argument pointer
 * \param arg An argument pointer for user data passed to output function
 * \param format A string that specifies the format of the output
 * \return The number of characters that are sent to the output function, not counting the terminating null character
 */
int fctprintf(void (*out)(char character, void *arg), void *arg, const char *format, ...);


#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif


#endif  // _PRINTF_H_

//printf.c
///
// \author (c) Marco Paland (info@paland.com)
//             2014-2019, PALANDesign Hannover, Germany
//
// \license The MIT License (MIT)
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
//
// \brief Tiny printf, sprintf and (v)snprintf implementation, optimized for speed on
//        embedded systems with a very limited resources. These routines are thread
//        safe and reentrant!
//        Use this instead of the bloated standard/newlib printf cause these use
//        malloc for printf (and may not be thread safe).
//
///
//#define PRINTF_SUPPORT_FLOAT
//#define PRINTF_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL
//#define PRINTF_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG
#include <stdio.h>



#if defined(USE_YPRINTF)
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>

#include "yprintf.h"


// define this globally (e.g. gcc -DPRINTF_INCLUDE_CONFIG_H ...) to include the
// printf_config.h header file
// default: undefined
#ifdef PRINTF_INCLUDE_CONFIG_H
#include "printf_config.h"
#endif


// 'ntoa' conversion buffer size, this must be big enough to hold one converted
// numeric number including padded zeros (dynamically created on stack)
// default: 32 byte
#ifndef PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE
#define PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE    32U//32U
#endif

// 'ftoa' conversion buffer size, this must be big enough to hold one converted
// float number including padded zeros (dynamically created on stack)
// default: 32 byte
#ifndef PRINTF_FTOA_BUFFER_SIZE
#define PRINTF_FTOA_BUFFER_SIZE    32U//32U
#endif

// support for the floating point type (%f)
// default: activated
#ifndef PRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_FLOAT
#define PRINTF_SUPPORT_FLOAT
#endif

// support for exponential floating point notation (%e/%g)
// default: activated
#ifndef PRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL
#define PRINTF_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL
#endif

// define the default floating point precision
// default: 6 digits
#ifndef PRINTF_DEFAULT_FLOAT_PRECISION
#define PRINTF_DEFAULT_FLOAT_PRECISION  8U//6U
#endif

// define the largest float suitable to print with %f
// default: 1e9
#ifndef PRINTF_MAX_FLOAT
#define PRINTF_MAX_FLOAT  1e9
#endif

// support for the long long types (%llu or %p)
// default: activated
#ifndef PRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG
#define PRINTF_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG
#endif

// support for the ptrdiff_t type (%t)
// ptrdiff_t is normally defined in <stddef.h> as long or long long type
// default: activated
#ifndef PRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_PTRDIFF_T
#define PRINTF_SUPPORT_PTRDIFF_T
#endif

///

// internal flag definitions
#define FLAGS_ZEROPAD   (1U <<  0U)
#define FLAGS_LEFT      (1U <<  1U)
#define FLAGS_PLUS      (1U <<  2U)
#define FLAGS_SPACE     (1U <<  3U)
#define FLAGS_HASH      (1U <<  4U)
#define FLAGS_UPPERCASE (1U <<  5U)
#define FLAGS_CHAR      (1U <<  6U)
#define FLAGS_SHORT     (1U <<  7U)
#define FLAGS_LONG      (1U <<  8U)
#define FLAGS_LONG_LONG (1U <<  9U)
#define FLAGS_PRECISION (1U << 10U)
#define FLAGS_ADAPT_EXP (1U << 11U)


// import float.h for DBL_MAX
#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_FLOAT)
#include <float.h>
#endif


// output function type
typedef void (*out_fct_type)(char character, void* buffer, size_t idx, size_t maxlen);


// wrapper (used as buffer) for output function type
typedef struct {
  void  (*fct)(char character, void* arg);
  void* arg;
} out_fct_wrap_type;


// internal buffer output
static inline void _out_buffer(char character, void* buffer, size_t idx, size_t maxlen)
{
  if (idx < maxlen) {
    ((char*)buffer)[idx] = character;
  }
}


// internal null output
static inline void _out_null(char character, void* buffer, size_t idx, size_t maxlen)
{
  (void)character; (void)buffer; (void)idx; (void)maxlen;
}


// internal _putchar wrapper
static inline void _out_char(char character, void* buffer, size_t idx, size_t maxlen)
{
  (void)buffer; (void)idx; (void)maxlen;
  if (character) {
    _putchar(character);
  }
}


// internal output function wrapper
static inline void _out_fct(char character, void* buffer, size_t idx, size_t maxlen)
{
  (void)idx; (void)maxlen;
  if (character) {
    // buffer is the output fct pointer
    ((out_fct_wrap_type*)buffer)->fct(character, ((out_fct_wrap_type*)buffer)->arg);
  }
}


// internal secure strlen
// \return The length of the string (excluding the terminating 0) limited by 'maxsize'
static inline unsigned int _strnlen_s(const char* str, size_t maxsize)
{
  const char* s;
  for (s = str; *s && maxsize--; ++s);
  return (unsigned int)(s - str);
}


// internal test if char is a digit (0-9)
// \return true if char is a digit
static inline bool _is_digit(char ch)
{
  return (ch >= '0') && (ch <= '9');
}


// internal ASCII string to unsigned int conversion
static unsigned int _atoi(const char** str)
{
  unsigned int i = 0U;
  while (_is_digit(**str)) {
    i = i * 10U + (unsigned int)(*((*str)++) - '0');
  }
  return i;
}


// output the specified string in reverse, taking care of any zero-padding
static size_t _out_rev(out_fct_type out, char* buffer, size_t idx, size_t maxlen, const char* buf, size_t len, unsigned int width, unsigned int flags)
{
  const size_t start_idx = idx;

  // pad spaces up to given width
  if (!(flags & FLAGS_LEFT) && !(flags & FLAGS_ZEROPAD)) {
    for (size_t i = len; i < width; i++) {
      out(' ', buffer, idx++, maxlen);
    }
  }

  // reverse string
  while (len) {
    out(buf[--len], buffer, idx++, maxlen);
  }

  // append pad spaces up to given width
  if (flags & FLAGS_LEFT) {
    while (idx - start_idx < width) {
      out(' ', buffer, idx++, maxlen);
    }
  }

  return idx;
}


// internal itoa format
static size_t _ntoa_format(out_fct_type out, char* buffer, size_t idx, size_t maxlen, char* buf, size_t len, bool negative, unsigned int base, unsigned int prec, unsigned int width, unsigned int flags)
{
  // pad leading zeros
  if (!(flags & FLAGS_LEFT)) {
    if (width && (flags & FLAGS_ZEROPAD) && (negative || (flags & (FLAGS_PLUS | FLAGS_SPACE)))) {
      width--;
    }
    while ((len < prec) && (len < PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE)) {
      buf[len++] = '0';
    }
    while ((flags & FLAGS_ZEROPAD) && (len < width) && (len < PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE)) {
      buf[len++] = '0';
    }
  }

  // handle hash
  if (flags & FLAGS_HASH) {
    if (!(flags & FLAGS_PRECISION) && len && ((len == prec) || (len == width))) {
      len--;
      if (len && (base == 16U)) {
        len--;
      }
    }
    if ((base == 16U) && !(flags & FLAGS_UPPERCASE) && (len < PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE)) {
      buf[len++] = 'x';
    }
    else if ((base == 16U) && (flags & FLAGS_UPPERCASE) && (len < PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE)) {
      buf[len++] = 'X';
    }
    else if ((base == 2U) && (len < PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE)) {
      buf[len++] = 'b';
    }
    if (len < PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE) {
      buf[len++] = '0';
    }
  }

  if (len < PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE) {
    if (negative) {
      buf[len++] = '-';
    }
    else if (flags & FLAGS_PLUS) {
      buf[len++] = '+';  // ignore the space if the '+' exists
    }
    else if (flags & FLAGS_SPACE) {
      buf[len++] = ' ';
    }
  }

  return _out_rev(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, buf, len, width, flags);
}


// internal itoa for 'long' type
static size_t _ntoa_long(out_fct_type out, char* buffer, size_t idx, size_t maxlen, unsigned long value, bool negative, unsigned long base, unsigned int prec, unsigned int width, unsigned int flags)
{
  char buf[PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE];
  size_t len = 0U;

  // no hash for 0 values
  if (!value) {
    flags &= ~FLAGS_HASH;
  }

  // write if precision != 0 and value is != 0
  if (!(flags & FLAGS_PRECISION) || value) {
    do {
      const char digit = (char)(value % base);
      buf[len++] = digit < 10 ? '0' + digit : (flags & FLAGS_UPPERCASE ? 'A' : 'a') + digit - 10;
      value /= base;
    } while (value && (len < PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE));
  }

  return _ntoa_format(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, buf, len, negative, (unsigned int)base, prec, width, flags);
}


// internal itoa for 'long long' type
#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG)
static size_t _ntoa_long_long(out_fct_type out, char* buffer, size_t idx, size_t maxlen, unsigned long long value, bool negative, unsigned long long base, unsigned int prec, unsigned int width, unsigned int flags)
{
  char buf[PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE];
  size_t len = 0U;

  // no hash for 0 values
  if (!value) {
    flags &= ~FLAGS_HASH;
  }

  // write if precision != 0 and value is != 0
  if (!(flags & FLAGS_PRECISION) || value) {
    do {
      const char digit = (char)(value % base);
      buf[len++] = digit < 10 ? '0' + digit : (flags & FLAGS_UPPERCASE ? 'A' : 'a') + digit - 10;
      value /= base;
    } while (value && (len < PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE));
  }

  return _ntoa_format(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, buf, len, negative, (unsigned int)base, prec, width, flags);
}
#endif  // PRINTF_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG


#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_FLOAT)

#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL)
// forward declaration so that _ftoa can switch to exp notation for values > PRINTF_MAX_FLOAT
static size_t _etoa(out_fct_type out, char* buffer, size_t idx, size_t maxlen, double value, unsigned int prec, unsigned int width, unsigned int flags);
#endif


// internal ftoa for fixed decimal floating point
static size_t _ftoa(out_fct_type out, char* buffer, size_t idx, size_t maxlen, double value, unsigned int prec, unsigned int width, unsigned int flags)
{
  char buf[PRINTF_FTOA_BUFFER_SIZE];
  size_t len  = 0U;
  double diff = 0.0;

  // powers of 10
  static const double pow10[] = { 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, 10000000, 100000000, 1000000000 };

  // test for special values
  if (value != value)
    return _out_rev(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, "nan", 3, width, flags);
  if (value < -DBL_MAX)
    return _out_rev(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, "fni-", 4, width, flags);
  if (value > DBL_MAX)
    return _out_rev(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, (flags & FLAGS_PLUS) ? "fni+" : "fni", (flags & FLAGS_PLUS) ? 4U : 3U, width, flags);

  // test for very large values
  // standard printf behavior is to print EVERY whole number digit -- which could be 100s of characters overflowing your buffers == bad
  if ((value > PRINTF_MAX_FLOAT) || (value < -PRINTF_MAX_FLOAT)) {
#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL)
    return _etoa(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, value, prec, width, flags);
#else
    return 0U;
#endif
  }

  // test for negative
  bool negative = false;
  if (value < 0) {
    negative = true;
    value = 0 - value;
  }

  // set default precision, if not set explicitly
  if (!(flags & FLAGS_PRECISION)) {
    prec = PRINTF_DEFAULT_FLOAT_PRECISION;
  }
  // limit precision to 9, cause a prec >= 10 can lead to overflow errors
  while ((len < PRINTF_FTOA_BUFFER_SIZE) && (prec > 9U)) {
    buf[len++] = '0';
    prec--;
  }

  int whole = (int)value;
  double tmp = (value - whole) * pow10[prec];
  unsigned long frac = (unsigned long)tmp;
  diff = tmp - frac;

  if (diff > 0.5) {
    ++frac;
    // handle rollover, e.g. case 0.99 with prec 1 is 1.0
    if (frac >= pow10[prec]) {
      frac = 0;
      ++whole;
    }
  }
  else if (diff < 0.5) {
  }
  else if ((frac == 0U) || (frac & 1U)) {
    // if halfway, round up if odd OR if last digit is 0
    ++frac;
  }

  if (prec == 0U) {
    diff = value - (double)whole;
    if ((!(diff < 0.5) || (diff > 0.5)) && (whole & 1)) {
      // exactly 0.5 and ODD, then round up
      // 1.5 -> 2, but 2.5 -> 2
      ++whole;
    }
  }
  else {
    unsigned int count = prec;
    // now do fractional part, as an unsigned number
    while (len < PRINTF_FTOA_BUFFER_SIZE) {
      --count;
      buf[len++] = (char)(48U + (frac % 10U));
      if (!(frac /= 10U)) {
        break;
      }
    }
    // add extra 0s
    while ((len < PRINTF_FTOA_BUFFER_SIZE) && (count-- > 0U)) {
      buf[len++] = '0';
    }
    if (len < PRINTF_FTOA_BUFFER_SIZE) {
      // add decimal
      buf[len++] = '.';
    }
  }

  // do whole part, number is reversed
  while (len < PRINTF_FTOA_BUFFER_SIZE) {
    buf[len++] = (char)(48 + (whole % 10));
    if (!(whole /= 10)) {
      break;
    }
  }

  // pad leading zeros
  if (!(flags & FLAGS_LEFT) && (flags & FLAGS_ZEROPAD)) {
    if (width && (negative || (flags & (FLAGS_PLUS | FLAGS_SPACE)))) {
      width--;
    }
    while ((len < width) && (len < PRINTF_FTOA_BUFFER_SIZE)) {
      buf[len++] = '0';
    }
  }

  if (len < PRINTF_FTOA_BUFFER_SIZE) {
    if (negative) {
      buf[len++] = '-';
    }
    else if (flags & FLAGS_PLUS) {
      buf[len++] = '+';  // ignore the space if the '+' exists
    }
    else if (flags & FLAGS_SPACE) {
      buf[len++] = ' ';
    }
  }

  return _out_rev(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, buf, len, width, flags);
}


#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL)
// internal ftoa variant for exponential floating-point type, contributed by Martijn Jasperse <m.jasperse@gmail.com>
static size_t _etoa(out_fct_type out, char* buffer, size_t idx, size_t maxlen, double value, unsigned int prec, unsigned int width, unsigned int flags)
{
  // check for NaN and special values
  if ((value != value) || (value > DBL_MAX) || (value < -DBL_MAX)) {
    return _ftoa(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, value, prec, width, flags);
  }

  // determine the sign
  const bool negative = value < 0;
  if (negative) {
    value = -value;
  }

  // default precision
  if (!(flags & FLAGS_PRECISION)) {
    prec = PRINTF_DEFAULT_FLOAT_PRECISION;
  }

  // determine the decimal exponent
  // based on the algorithm by David Gay (https://www.ampl.com/netlib/fp/dtoa.c)
  union {
    uint64_t U;
    double   F;
  } conv;

  conv.F = value;
  int exp2 = (int)((conv.U >> 52U) & 0x07FFU) - 1023;           // effectively log2
  conv.U = (conv.U & ((1ULL << 52U) - 1U)) | (1023ULL << 52U);  // drop the exponent so conv.F is now in [1,2)
  // now approximate log10 from the log2 integer part and an expansion of ln around 1.5
  int expval = (int)(0.1760912590558 + exp2 * 0.301029995663981 + (conv.F - 1.5) * 0.289529654602168);
  // now we want to compute 10^expval but we want to be sure it won't overflow
  exp2 = (int)(expval * 3.321928094887362 + 0.5);
  const double z  = expval * 2.302585092994046 - exp2 * 0.6931471805599453;
  const double z2 = z * z;
  conv.U = (uint64_t)(exp2 + 1023) << 52U;
  // compute exp(z) using continued fractions, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function#Continued_fractions_for_ex
  conv.F *= 1 + 2 * z / (2 - z + (z2 / (6 + (z2 / (10 + z2 / 14)))));
  // correct for rounding errors
  if (value < conv.F) {
    expval--;
    conv.F /= 10;
  }

  // the exponent format is "%+03d" and largest value is "307", so set aside 4-5 characters
  unsigned int minwidth = ((expval < 100) && (expval > -100)) ? 4U : 5U;

  // in "%g" mode, "prec" is the number of *significant figures* not decimals
  if (flags & FLAGS_ADAPT_EXP) {
    // do we want to fall-back to "%f" mode?
    if ((value >= 1e-4) && (value < 1e6)) {
      if ((int)prec > expval) {
        prec = (unsigned)((int)prec - expval - 1);
      }
      else {
        prec = 0;
      }
      flags |= FLAGS_PRECISION;   // make sure _ftoa respects precision
      // no characters in exponent
      minwidth = 0U;
      expval   = 0;
    }
    else {
      // we use one sigfig for the whole part
      if ((prec > 0) && (flags & FLAGS_PRECISION)) {
        --prec;
      }
    }
  }

  // will everything fit?
  unsigned int fwidth = width;
  if (width > minwidth) {
    // we didn't fall-back so subtract the characters required for the exponent
    fwidth -= minwidth;
  } else {
    // not enough characters, so go back to default sizing
    fwidth = 0U;
  }
  if ((flags & FLAGS_LEFT) && minwidth) {
    // if we're padding on the right, DON'T pad the floating part
    fwidth = 0U;
  }

  // rescale the float value
  if (expval) {
    value /= conv.F;
  }

  // output the floating part
  const size_t start_idx = idx;
  idx = _ftoa(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, negative ? -value : value, prec, fwidth, flags & ~FLAGS_ADAPT_EXP);

  // output the exponent part
  if (minwidth) {
    // output the exponential symbol
    out((flags & FLAGS_UPPERCASE) ? 'E' : 'e', buffer, idx++, maxlen);
    // output the exponent value
    idx = _ntoa_long(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, (expval < 0) ? -expval : expval, expval < 0, 10, 0, minwidth-1, FLAGS_ZEROPAD | FLAGS_PLUS);
    // might need to right-pad spaces
    if (flags & FLAGS_LEFT) {
      while (idx - start_idx < width) out(' ', buffer, idx++, maxlen);
    }
  }
  return idx;
}
#endif  // PRINTF_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL
#endif  // PRINTF_SUPPORT_FLOAT


// internal vsnprintf
static int _vsnprintf(out_fct_type out, char* buffer, const size_t maxlen, const char* format, va_list va)
{
  unsigned int flags, width, precision, n;
  size_t idx = 0U;

  if (!buffer) {
    // use null output function
    out = _out_null;
  }

  while (*format)
  {
    // format specifier?  %[flags][width][.precision][length]
    if (*format != '%') {
      // no
      out(*format, buffer, idx++, maxlen);
      format++;
      continue;
    }
    else {
      // yes, evaluate it
      format++;
    }

    // evaluate flags
    flags = 0U;
    do {
      switch (*format) {
        case '0': flags |= FLAGS_ZEROPAD; format++; n = 1U; break;
        case '-': flags |= FLAGS_LEFT;    format++; n = 1U; break;
        case '+': flags |= FLAGS_PLUS;    format++; n = 1U; break;
        case ' ': flags |= FLAGS_SPACE;   format++; n = 1U; break;
        case '#': flags |= FLAGS_HASH;    format++; n = 1U; break;
        default :                                   n = 0U; break;
      }
    } while (n);

    // evaluate width field
    width = 0U;
    if (_is_digit(*format)) {
      width = _atoi(&format);
    }
    else if (*format == '*') {
      const int w = va_arg(va, int);
      if (w < 0) {
        flags |= FLAGS_LEFT;    // reverse padding
        width = (unsigned int)-w;
      }
      else {
        width = (unsigned int)w;
      }
      format++;
    }

    // evaluate precision field
    precision = 0U;
    if (*format == '.') {
      flags |= FLAGS_PRECISION;
      format++;
      if (_is_digit(*format)) {
        precision = _atoi(&format);
      }
      else if (*format == '*') {
        const int prec = (int)va_arg(va, int);
        precision = prec > 0 ? (unsigned int)prec : 0U;
        format++;
      }
    }

    // evaluate length field
    switch (*format) {
      case 'l' :
        flags |= FLAGS_LONG;
        format++;
        if (*format == 'l') {
          flags |= FLAGS_LONG_LONG;
          format++;
        }
        break;
      case 'h' :
        flags |= FLAGS_SHORT;
        format++;
        if (*format == 'h') {
          flags |= FLAGS_CHAR;
          format++;
        }
        break;
#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_PTRDIFF_T)
      case 't' :
        flags |= (sizeof(ptrdiff_t) == sizeof(long) ? FLAGS_LONG : FLAGS_LONG_LONG);
        format++;
        break;
#endif
      case 'j' :
        flags |= (sizeof(intmax_t) == sizeof(long) ? FLAGS_LONG : FLAGS_LONG_LONG);
        format++;
        break;
      case 'z' :
        flags |= (sizeof(size_t) == sizeof(long) ? FLAGS_LONG : FLAGS_LONG_LONG);
        format++;
        break;
      default :
        break;
    }

    // evaluate specifier
    switch (*format) {
      case 'd' :
      case 'i' :
      case 'u' :
      case 'x' :
      case 'X' :
      case 'o' :
      case 'b' : {
        // set the base
        unsigned int base;
        if (*format == 'x' || *format == 'X') {
          base = 16U;
        }
        else if (*format == 'o') {
          base =  8U;
        }
        else if (*format == 'b') {
          base =  2U;
        }
        else {
          base = 10U;
          flags &= ~FLAGS_HASH;   // no hash for dec format
        }
        // uppercase
        if (*format == 'X') {
          flags |= FLAGS_UPPERCASE;
        }

        // no plus or space flag for u, x, X, o, b
        if ((*format != 'i') && (*format != 'd')) {
          flags &= ~(FLAGS_PLUS | FLAGS_SPACE);
        }

        // ignore '0' flag when precision is given
        if (flags & FLAGS_PRECISION) {
          flags &= ~FLAGS_ZEROPAD;
        }

        // convert the integer
        if ((*format == 'i') || (*format == 'd')) {
          // signed
          if (flags & FLAGS_LONG_LONG) {
#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG)
            const long long value = va_arg(va, long long);
            idx = _ntoa_long_long(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, (unsigned long long)(value > 0 ? value : 0 - value), value < 0, base, precision, width, flags);
#endif
          }
          else if (flags & FLAGS_LONG) {
            const long value = va_arg(va, long);
            idx = _ntoa_long(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, (unsigned long)(value > 0 ? value : 0 - value), value < 0, base, precision, width, flags);
          }
          else {
            const int value = (flags & FLAGS_CHAR) ? (char)va_arg(va, int) : (flags & FLAGS_SHORT) ? (short int)va_arg(va, int) : va_arg(va, int);
            idx = _ntoa_long(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, (unsigned int)(value > 0 ? value : 0 - value), value < 0, base, precision, width, flags);
          }
        }
        else {
          // unsigned
          if (flags & FLAGS_LONG_LONG) {
#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG)
            idx = _ntoa_long_long(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, va_arg(va, unsigned long long), false, base, precision, width, flags);
#endif
          }
          else if (flags & FLAGS_LONG) {
            idx = _ntoa_long(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, va_arg(va, unsigned long), false, base, precision, width, flags);
          }
          else {
            const unsigned int value = (flags & FLAGS_CHAR) ? (unsigned char)va_arg(va, unsigned int) : (flags & FLAGS_SHORT) ? (unsigned short int)va_arg(va, unsigned int) : va_arg(va, unsigned int);
            idx = _ntoa_long(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, value, false, base, precision, width, flags);
          }
        }
        format++;
        break;
      }
#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_FLOAT)
      case 'f' :
      case 'F' :
        if (*format == 'F') flags |= FLAGS_UPPERCASE;
        idx = _ftoa(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, va_arg(va, double), precision, width, flags);
        format++;
        break;
#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL)
      case 'e':
      case 'E':
      case 'g':
      case 'G':
        if ((*format == 'g')||(*format == 'G')) flags |= FLAGS_ADAPT_EXP;
        if ((*format == 'E')||(*format == 'G')) flags |= FLAGS_UPPERCASE;
        idx = _etoa(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, va_arg(va, double), precision, width, flags);
        format++;
        break;
#endif  // PRINTF_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL
#endif  // PRINTF_SUPPORT_FLOAT
      case 'c' : {
        unsigned int l = 1U;
        // pre padding
        if (!(flags & FLAGS_LEFT)) {
          while (l++ < width) {
            out(' ', buffer, idx++, maxlen);
          }
        }
        // char output
        out((char)va_arg(va, int), buffer, idx++, maxlen);
        // post padding
        if (flags & FLAGS_LEFT) {
          while (l++ < width) {
            out(' ', buffer, idx++, maxlen);
          }
        }
        format++;
        break;
      }

      case 's' : {
        const char* p = va_arg(va, char*);
        unsigned int l = _strnlen_s(p, precision ? precision : (size_t)-1);
        // pre padding
        if (flags & FLAGS_PRECISION) {
          l = (l < precision ? l : precision);
        }
        if (!(flags & FLAGS_LEFT)) {
          while (l++ < width) {
            out(' ', buffer, idx++, maxlen);
          }
        }
        // string output
        while ((*p != 0) && (!(flags & FLAGS_PRECISION) || precision--)) {
          out(*(p++), buffer, idx++, maxlen);
        }
        // post padding
        if (flags & FLAGS_LEFT) {
          while (l++ < width) {
            out(' ', buffer, idx++, maxlen);
          }
        }
        format++;
        break;
      }

      case 'p' : {
        width = sizeof(void*) * 2U;
        flags |= FLAGS_ZEROPAD | FLAGS_UPPERCASE;
#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG)
        const bool is_ll = sizeof(uintptr_t) == sizeof(long long);
        if (is_ll) {
          idx = _ntoa_long_long(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, (uintptr_t)va_arg(va, void*), false, 16U, precision, width, flags);
        }
        else {
#endif
          idx = _ntoa_long(out, buffer, idx, maxlen, (unsigned long)((uintptr_t)va_arg(va, void*)), false, 16U, precision, width, flags);
#if defined(PRINTF_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG)
        }
#endif
        format++;
        break;
      }

      case '%' :
        out('%', buffer, idx++, maxlen);
        format++;
        break;

      default :
        out(*format, buffer, idx++, maxlen);
        format++;
        break;
    }
  }

  // termination
  out((char)0, buffer, idx < maxlen ? idx : maxlen - 1U, maxlen);

  // return written chars without terminating \0
  return (int)idx;
}


///

int printf_(const char* format, ...)
{
  va_list va;
  va_start(va, format);
  char buffer[1];
  const int ret = _vsnprintf(_out_char, buffer, (size_t)-1, format, va);
  va_end(va);
  return ret;
}


int sprintf_(char* buffer, const char* format, ...)
{
  va_list va;
  va_start(va, format);
  const int ret = _vsnprintf(_out_buffer, buffer, (size_t)-1, format, va);
  va_end(va);
  return ret;
}


int snprintf_(char* buffer, size_t count, const char* format, ...)
{
  va_list va;
  va_start(va, format);
  const int ret = _vsnprintf(_out_buffer, buffer, count, format, va);
  va_end(va);
  return ret;
}


int vprintf_(const char* format, va_list va)
{
  char buffer[1];
  return _vsnprintf(_out_char, buffer, (size_t)-1, format, va);
}


int vsnprintf_(char* buffer, size_t count, const char* format, va_list va)
{
  return _vsnprintf(_out_buffer, buffer, count, format, va);
}


int fctprintf(void (*out)(char character, void* arg), void* arg, const char* format, ...)
{
  va_list va;
  va_start(va, format);
  const out_fct_wrap_type out_fct_wrap = { out, arg };
  const int ret = _vsnprintf(_out_fct, (char*)(uintptr_t)&out_fct_wrap, (size_t)-1, format, va);
  va_end(va);
  return ret;
}
#endif