python_第一个神经网络

python_第一个神经网络

import keras
keras.__version__
Using TensorFlow backend.
'2.0.8'
A first look at a neural network
This notebook contains the code samples found in Chapter 2, Section 1 of Deep Learning with Python. Note that the original text features far more content, in particular further explanations and figures: in this notebook, you will only find source code and related comments.

We will now take a look at a first concrete example of a neural network, which makes use of the Python library Keras to learn to classify hand-written digits. Unless you already have experience with Keras or similar libraries, you will not understand everything about this first example right away. You probably haven't even installed Keras yet. Don't worry, that is perfectly fine. In the next chapter, we will review each element in our example and explain them in detail. So don't worry if some steps seem arbitrary or look like magic to you! We've got to start somewhere.

The problem we are trying to solve here is to classify grayscale images of handwritten digits (28 pixels by 28 pixels), into their 10 categories (0 to 9). The dataset we will use is the MNIST dataset, a classic dataset in the machine learning community, which has been around for almost as long as the field itself and has been very intensively studied. It's a set of 60,000 training images, plus 10,000 test images, assembled by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (the NIST in MNIST) in the 1980s. You can think of "solving" MNIST as the "Hello World" of deep learning -- it's what you do to verify that your algorithms are working as expected. As you become a machine learning practitioner, you will see MNIST come up over and over again, in scientific papers, blog posts, and so on.

The MNIST dataset comes pre-loaded in Keras, in the form of a set of four Numpy arrays:

# 加载 Keras 中的 MNIST 数据集
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# train_images 和 train_labels 组成了训练集（training set），模型将从这些数据中进行
# 学习。然后在测试集（test set，即 test_images 和 test_labels）上对模型进行测试。
# 图像被编码为 Numpy 数组，而标签是数字数组，取值范围为 0~9。图像和标签一一对应。
from keras.datasets import mnist
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(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = mnist.load_data()
Downloading data from https://s3.amazonaws.com/img-datasets/mnist.npz
train_images and train_labels form the "training set", the data that the model will learn from. The model will then be tested on the "test set", test_images and test_labels. Our images are encoded as Numpy arrays, and the labels are simply an array of digits, ranging from 0 to 9. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the images and the labels.

Let's have a look at the training data:

train_images.shape
len(train_labels)
train_labels
array([5, 0, 4, ..., 5, 6, 8], dtype=uint8)
Let's have a look at the test data:

test_images.shape
(10000, 28, 28)
len(test_labels)
10000
test_labels
array([7, 2, 1, ..., 4, 5, 6], dtype=uint8)
Our workflow will be as follow: first we will present our neural network with the training data, train_images and train_labels. The network will then learn to associate images and labels. Finally, we will ask the network to produce predictions for test_images, and we will verify if these predictions match the labels from test_labels.

Let's build our network -- again, remember that you aren't supposed to understand everything about this example just yet.

from keras import models
from keras import layers
​
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# 本例中的网络包含 2 个 Dense 层，它们是密集连接（也叫全连接）的神经层。
network = models.Sequential()
network.add(layers.Dense(512, activation='relu', input_shape=(28 * 28,)))
# 第二层（也
# 是最后一层）是一个 10 路 softmax 层，它将返回一个由 10 个概率值（总和为 1）组成的数组。
# 每个概率值表示当前数字图像属于 10 个数字类别中某一个的概率
network.add(layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax'))
​
# 神经网络的核心组件是层（layer），它是一种数据处理模块，你可以将它看成数据过滤器。
# 进去一些数据，出来的数据变得更加有用。具体来说，层从输入数据中提取表示——我们期望
# 这种表示有助于解决手头的问题。大多数深度学习都是将简单的层链接起来，从而实现渐进式
# 的数据蒸馏（data distillation）。深度学习模型就像是数据处理的筛子，包含一系列越来越精细的
# 数据过滤器（即层）。
The core building block of neural networks is the "layer", a data-processing module which you can conceive as a "filter" for data. Some data comes in, and comes out in a more useful form. Precisely, layers extract representations out of the data fed into them -- hopefully representations that are more meaningful for the problem at hand. Most of deep learning really consists of chaining together simple layers which will implement a form of progressive "data distillation". A deep learning model is like a sieve for data processing, made of a succession of increasingly refined data filters -- the "layers".

Here our network consists of a sequence of two Dense layers, which are densely-connected (also called "fully-connected") neural layers. The second (and last) layer is a 10-way "softmax" layer, which means it will return an array of 10 probability scores (summing to 1). Each score will be the probability that the current digit image belongs to one of our 10 digit classes.

To make our network ready for training, we need to pick three more things, as part of "compilation" step:

A loss function: the is how the network will be able to measure how good a job it is doing on its training data, and thus how it will be able to steer itself in the right direction.
An optimizer: this is the mechanism through which the network will update itself based on the data it sees and its loss function.
Metrics to monitor during training and testing. Here we will only care about accuracy (the fraction of the images that were correctly classified).
The exact purpose of the loss function and the optimizer will be made clear throughout the next two chapters.

# • 损失函数（loss function）：网络如何衡量在训练数据上的性能，即网络如何朝着正确的
# 方向前进。
# • 优化器（optimizer）：基于训练数据和损失函数来更新网络的机制。
# • 在训练和测试过程中需要监控的指标（metric）：本例只关心精度，即正确分类的图像所
# 占的比例。
​
network.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
                loss='categorical_crossentropy',
                metrics=['accuracy'])
Before training, we will preprocess our data by reshaping it into the shape that the network expects, and scaling it so that all values are in the [0, 1] interval. Previously, our training images for instance were stored in an array of shape (60000, 28, 28) of type uint8 with values in the [0, 255] interval. We transform it into a float32 array of shape (60000, 28 * 28) with values between 0 and 1.

# 在开始训练之前，我们将对数据进行预处理，将其变换为网络要求的形状，并缩放到所
# 有值都在 [0, 1] 区间。比如，之前训练图像保存在一个 uint8 类型的数组中，其形状为
# (60000, 28, 28)，取值区间为 [0, 255]。我们需要将其变换为一个 float32 数组，其形
# 状为 (60000, 28 * 28)，取值范围为 0~1。
​
​
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train_images = train_images.reshape((60000, 28 * 28))
train_images = train_images.astype('float32') / 255
​
test_images = test_images.reshape((10000, 28 * 28))
test_images = test_images.astype('float32') / 255
We also need to categorically encode the labels, a step which we explain in chapter 3:

# 准备标签
from keras.utils import to_categorical
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train_labels = to_categorical(train_labels)
test_labels = to_categorical(test_labels)
We are now ready to train our network, which in Keras is done via a call to the fit method of the network: we "fit" the model to its training data.

现在我们准备开始训练网络，在 Keras 中这一步是通过调用网络的 fit 方法来完成的——
# 我们在训练数据上拟合（fit）模型。
# 现在我们准备开始训练网络，在 Keras 中这一步是通过调用网络的 fit 方法来完成的——
# 我们在训练数据上拟合（fit）模型。
network.fit(train_images, train_labels, epochs=5, batch_size=128)
Epoch 1/5
60000/60000 [==============================] - 2s - loss: 0.2577 - acc: 0.9245     
Epoch 2/5
60000/60000 [==============================] - 1s - loss: 0.1042 - acc: 0.9690     
Epoch 3/5
60000/60000 [==============================] - 1s - loss: 0.0687 - acc: 0.9793     
Epoch 4/5
60000/60000 [==============================] - 1s - loss: 0.0508 - acc: 0.9848     
Epoch 5/5
60000/60000 [==============================] - 1s - loss: 0.0382 - acc: 0.9890     
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fce5fed5fd0>
Two quantities are being displayed during training: the "loss" of the network over the training data, and the accuracy of the network over the training data.

We quickly reach an accuracy of 0.989 (i.e. 98.9%) on the training data. Now let's check that our model performs well on the test set too:

test_loss
test_loss, test_acc = network.evaluate(test_images, test_labels)
 9536/10000 [===========================>..] - ETA: 0s

# 测试集精度为 97.8%，比训练集精度低不少。训练精度和测试精度之间的这种差距是过拟
# 合（overfit）造成的。过拟合是指机器学习模型在新数据上的性能往往比在训练数据上要差，它

print('test_acc:', test_acc)
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# 测试集精度为 97.8%，比训练集精度低不少。训练精度和测试精度之间的这种差距是过拟
# 合（overfit）造成的。过拟合是指机器学习模型在新数据上的性能往往比在训练数据上要差，它
​
test_acc: 0.9777
Our test set accuracy turns out to be 97.8% -- that's quite a bit lower than the training set accuracy. This gap between training accuracy and test accuracy is an example of "overfitting", the fact that machine learning models tend to perform worse on new data than on their training data. Overfitting will be a central topic in chapter 3.

This concludes our very first example -- you just saw how we could build and a train a neural network to classify handwritten digits, in less than 20 lines of Python code. In the next chapter, we will go in detail over every moving piece we just previewed, and clarify what is really going on behind the scenes. You will learn about "tensors", the data-storing objects going into the network, about tensor operations, which layers are made of, and about gradient descent, which allows our network to learn from its training examples.