Numpy中的广播(Broadcasting)

Numpy的Universal functions 中要求输入的数组shape是一致的，当数组的shape不想等的时候，则会使用广播机制，调整数组使得shape一样，满足规则，则可以运算，否则就出错
四条规则如下：

1. All input arrays with ndim smaller than the input array of largest ndim, have 1’s prepended to their shapes.
2. The size in each dimension of the output shape is the maximum of all the input sizes in that dimension.
3. An input can be used in the calculation if its size in a particular dimension either matches the output size in that dimension, or has value exactly 1.
4. If an input has a dimension size of 1 in its shape, the first data entry in that dimension will be used for all calculations along that dimension. In other words, the stepping machinery of the ufunc will simply not step along that dimension (the stride will be 0 for that dimension).

中文

1. 让所有输入数组都向其中shape最长的数组看齐，shape中不足的部分都通过在前面加1补齐
2. 输出数组的shape是输入数组shape的各个轴上的最大值
3. 如果输入数组的某个轴和输出数组的对应轴的长度相同或者其长度为1时，这个数组能够用来计算，否则出错
4. 当输入数组的某个轴的长度为1时，沿着此轴运算时都用此轴上的第一组值

以下通过实例来说明这些问题

一般情况下，numpy 都是采用一一对应的方式（element-by-element ）进行计算

例子1：