本文转载自博客:http://blog.csdn.net/qq_18870023/article/details/52596808
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最近为了分析一段请求流,不得不去研究一下RSA加密。
首先,强调一点:密钥的“钥”读“yue”,不是“yao”,额。。。
网上关于RSA的原理一抓一大把的,这里只是简单说说我的理解:
1. 两个足够大的互质数p, q;
2. 用于模运算的模 n=p*q;
3. 公钥KU(e, n)中的e满足 1<e< (p-1)(q-1),且与(p-1)(q-1)互质;
4. 密钥KR(d, n)中的d满足 d*e % (p-1)(q-1)= 1,%是取余运算。
因为公钥是公开的,所以我知道了e和n,那么根据2,3,4式子的关系,我们只要从n的值推出p, q的值则可计算出d的值,也就能找到密钥。
然而,关键就在这里, n=p*q,如果两个互质数p和q足够大,那么根据目前的计算机技术和其他工具,至今也没能从n分解出p和q,这是数学上的一个难题,也正是这个难题成为了RSA加密至今被广泛使用的原因。换句话说,只要密钥长度n足够大(一般1024足矣),基本上不可能从公钥信息推出私钥信息。
好了,这里作为研究的随笔,记录一下java如何使用,以下主要有三种方法,基本大同小异,只是获取公钥私钥的途径不一样就是了:
方法一:
利用KeyPairGenerator直接生成公钥和密钥,一般私钥保留给服务端,公钥交给客户端。
- public class RSACryptography {
- public static String data="hello world";
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- KeyPair keyPair=genKeyPair(1024);
- //获取公钥,并以base64格式打印出来
- PublicKey publicKey=keyPair.getPublic();
- System.out.println("公钥:"+new String(Base64.getEncoder().encode(publicKey.getEncoded())));
- //获取私钥,并以base64格式打印出来
- PrivateKey privateKey=keyPair.getPrivate();
- System.out.println("私钥:"+new String(Base64.getEncoder().encode(privateKey.getEncoded())));
- //公钥加密
- byte[] encryptedBytes=encrypt(data.getBytes(), publicKey);
- System.out.println("加密后:"+new String(encryptedBytes));
- //私钥解密
- byte[] decryptedBytes=decrypt(encryptedBytes, privateKey);
- System.out.println("解密后:"+new String(decryptedBytes));
- }
- //生成密钥对
- public static KeyPair genKeyPair(int keyLength) throws Exception{
- KeyPairGenerator keyPairGenerator=KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA");
- keyPairGenerator.initialize(1024);
- return keyPairGenerator.generateKeyPair();
- }
- //公钥加密
- public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] content, PublicKey publicKey) throws Exception{
- Cipher cipher=Cipher.getInstance("RSA");//java默认"RSA"="RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding"
- cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
- return cipher.doFinal(content);
- }
- //私钥解密
- public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] content, PrivateKey privateKey) throws Exception{
- Cipher cipher=Cipher.getInstance("RSA");
- cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
- return cipher.doFinal(content);
- }
- }
运行结果:
方法二:
实际上,方法一只是用来生成密钥就OK了,生成的密钥需要保存到本地文件中,所以一般不会在客户端调用KeyPairGenerator进行密钥的生成操作。
这里,我们可以将方法一得到的密钥保存到文件,下次我们直接读取就可以了。我假设以String的形式保存在文件内,那么接下来直接使用读取到的String生成密钥即可。
当然,你也可以使用openssl来生成也可以,不过我觉得麻烦就不弄了。
- public class RSACryptography {
- public static String data="hello world";
- public static String publicKeyString="MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCISLP98M/56HexX/9FDM8iuIEQozy6kn2JMcbZS5/BhJ+U4PZIChJfggYlWnd8NWn4BYr2kxxyO8Qgvc8rpRZCkN0OSLqLgZGmNvoSlDw80UXq90ZsVHDTOHuSFHw8Bv//B4evUNJBB8g9tpVxr6P5EJ6FMoR/kY2dVFQCQM4+5QIDAQAB";
- public static String privateKeyString="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";
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- //获取公钥
- PublicKey publicKey=getPublicKey(publicKeyString);
- //获取私钥
- PrivateKey privateKey=getPrivateKey(privateKeyString);
- //公钥加密
- byte[] encryptedBytes=encrypt(data.getBytes(), publicKey);
- System.out.println("加密后:"+new String(encryptedBytes));
- //私钥解密
- byte[] decryptedBytes=decrypt(encryptedBytes, privateKey);
- System.out.println("解密后:"+new String(decryptedBytes));
- }
- //将base64编码后的公钥字符串转成PublicKey实例
- public static PublicKey getPublicKey(String publicKey) throws Exception{
- byte[ ] keyBytes=Base64.getDecoder().decode(publicKey.getBytes());
- X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec=new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
- KeyFactory keyFactory=KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");
- return keyFactory.generatePublic(keySpec);
- }
- //将base64编码后的私钥字符串转成PrivateKey实例
- public static PrivateKey getPrivateKey(String privateKey) throws Exception{
- byte[ ] keyBytes=Base64.getDecoder().decode(privateKey.getBytes());
- PKCS8EncodedKeySpec keySpec=new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
- KeyFactory keyFactory=KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");
- return keyFactory.generatePrivate(keySpec);
- }
- //公钥加密
- public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] content, PublicKey publicKey) throws Exception{
- Cipher cipher=Cipher.getInstance("RSA");//java默认"RSA"="RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding"
- cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
- return cipher.doFinal(content);
- }
- //私钥解密
- public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] content, PrivateKey privateKey) throws Exception{
- Cipher cipher=Cipher.getInstance("RSA");
- cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
- return cipher.doFinal(content);
- }
- }
方法三:
除了保存密钥字符串之外,其他的做法一般是只保存 模n(modulus),公钥和私钥的e和d(exponent)。
其中,n, e, d可以这样获取到,获取到后可以保存到本地文件中。
- //获取公钥
- RSAPublicKey publicKey=(RSAPublicKey) getPublicKey(publicKeyString);
- BigInteger modulus1=publicKey.getModulus();
- BigInteger exponent1=publicKey.getPublicExponent();
- //获取私钥
- RSAPrivateKey privateKey=(RSAPrivateKey) getPrivateKey(privateKeyString);
- BigInteger modulus2=privateKey.getModulus();
- BigInteger exponent2=privateKey..getPrivateExponent();
这里,假设我已经从文件中读取到了modulus和exponent:
- public class RSACryptography {
- public static String data="hello world";
- public static String modulusString="95701876885335270857822974167577168764621211406341574477817778908798408856077334510496515211568839843884498881589280440763139683446418982307428928523091367233376499779842840789220784202847513854967218444344438545354682865713417516385450114501727182277555013890267914809715178404671863643421619292274848317157";
- public static String publicExponentString="65537";
- public static String privateExponentString="15118200884902819158506511612629910252530988627643229329521452996670429328272100404155979400725883072214721713247384231857130859555987849975263007110480563992945828011871526769689381461965107692102011772019212674436519765580328720044447875477151172925640047963361834004267745612848169871802590337012858580097";
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- //由n和e获取公钥
- PublicKey publicKey=getPublicKey(modulusString, publicExponentString);
- //由n和d获取私钥
- PrivateKey privateKey=getPrivateKey(modulusString, privateExponentString);
- //公钥加密
- byte[] encryptedBytes=encrypt(data.getBytes(), publicKey);
- System.out.println("加密后:"+new String(encryptedBytes));
- //私钥解密
- byte[] decryptedBytes=decrypt(encryptedBytes, privateKey);
- System.out.println("解密后:"+new String(decryptedBytes));
- }
- //将base64编码后的公钥字符串转成PublicKey实例
- public static PublicKey getPublicKey(String modulusStr, String exponentStr) throws Exception{
- BigInteger modulus=new BigInteger(modulusStr);
- BigInteger exponent=new BigInteger(exponentStr);
- RSAPublicKeySpec publicKeySpec=new RSAPublicKeySpec(modulus, exponent);
- KeyFactory keyFactory=KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");
- return keyFactory.generatePublic(publicKeySpec);
- }
- //将base64编码后的私钥字符串转成PrivateKey实例
- public static PrivateKey getPrivateKey(String modulusStr, String exponentStr) throws Exception{
- BigInteger modulus=new BigInteger(modulusStr);
- BigInteger exponent=new BigInteger(exponentStr);
- RSAPrivateKeySpec privateKeySpec=new RSAPrivateKeySpec(modulus, exponent);
- KeyFactory keyFactory=KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");
- return keyFactory.generatePrivate(privateKeySpec);
- }
- //公钥加密
- public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] content, PublicKey publicKey) throws Exception{
- Cipher cipher=Cipher.getInstance("RSA");//java默认"RSA"="RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding"
- cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
- return cipher.doFinal(content);
- }
- //私钥解密
- public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] content, PrivateKey privateKey) throws Exception{
- Cipher cipher=Cipher.getInstance("RSA");
- cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
- return cipher.doFinal(content);
- }
- }
这里三种方式总结起来也就是
1,.KeyPairGenerator获取key;
2. String获取key;
3. modulus和exponent获取key。
--------------------后来,我发现,数据太长抛异常了,好吧---------------------------
然而,当加密的数据太长的时候则需要分组加密,不然数据过长会抛异常,如“Encryt data is too much”,或者“data length is longer than 127”等。
上面三个方法使用的key的n值(modulus)是1024bit的,也就是128byte,根据RSA加密规则,加密1 byte字节的数据,需要12 byte,即其他11byte可能用于记录其他信息什么的,这里我就不清楚了,而1024bit长度的key则最多可以加密128-11=117byte的数据,所以,对于超过117byte的数据,我们需要以117byte为一组进行数据分割。
- public class RSACryptography {
- public static String data="hello world";
- public static String modulusString="95701876885335270857822974167577168764621211406341574477817778908798408856077334510496515211568839843884498881589280440763139683446418982307428928523091367233376499779842840789220784202847513854967218444344438545354682865713417516385450114501727182277555013890267914809715178404671863643421619292274848317157";
- public static String publicExponentString="65537";
- public static String privateExponentString="15118200884902819158506511612629910252530988627643229329521452996670429328272100404155979400725883072214721713247384231857130859555987849975263007110480563992945828011871526769689381461965107692102011772019212674436519765580328720044447875477151172925640047963361834004267745612848169871802590337012858580097";
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- //由n和e获取公钥
- PublicKey publicKey=getPublicKey(modulusString, publicExponentString);
- //由n和d获取私钥
- PrivateKey privateKey=getPrivateKey(modulusString, privateExponentString);
- //公钥加密
- String encrypted=encrypt(data, publicKey);
- System.out.println("加密后:"+encrypted);
- //私钥解密
- String decrypted=decrypt(encrypted, privateKey);
- System.out.println("解密后:"+new String(decrypted));
- }
- //将base64编码后的公钥字符串转成PublicKey实例
- public static PublicKey getPublicKey(String modulusStr, String exponentStr) throws Exception{
- BigInteger modulus=new BigInteger(modulusStr);
- BigInteger exponent=new BigInteger(exponentStr);
- RSAPublicKeySpec publicKeySpec=new RSAPublicKeySpec(modulus, exponent);
- KeyFactory keyFactory=KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");
- return keyFactory.generatePublic(publicKeySpec);
- }
- //将base64编码后的私钥字符串转成PrivateKey实例
- public static PrivateKey getPrivateKey(String modulusStr, String exponentStr) throws Exception{
- BigInteger modulus=new BigInteger(modulusStr);
- BigInteger exponent=new BigInteger(exponentStr);
- RSAPrivateKeySpec privateKeySpec=new RSAPrivateKeySpec(modulus, exponent);
- KeyFactory keyFactory=KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA");
- return keyFactory.generatePrivate(privateKeySpec);
- }
- //公钥加密,并转换成十六进制字符串打印出来
- public static String encrypt(String content, PublicKey publicKey) throws Exception{
- Cipher cipher=Cipher.getInstance("RSA");//java默认"RSA"="RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding"
- cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
- int splitLength=((RSAPublicKey)publicKey).getModulus().bitLength()/8-11;
- byte[][] arrays=splitBytes(content.getBytes(), splitLength);
- StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer();
- for(byte[] array : arrays){
- sb.append(bytesToHexString(cipher.doFinal(array)));
- }
- return sb.toString();
- }
- //私钥解密,并转换成十六进制字符串打印出来
- public static String decrypt(String content, PrivateKey privateKey) throws Exception{
- Cipher cipher=Cipher.getInstance("RSA");
- cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
- int splitLength=((RSAPrivateKey)privateKey).getModulus().bitLength()/8;
- byte[] contentBytes=hexString2Bytes(content);
- byte[][] arrays=splitBytes(contentBytes, splitLength);
- StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer();
- for(byte[] array : arrays){
- sb.append(new String(cipher.doFinal(array)));
- }
- return sb.toString();
- }
- //拆分byte数组
- public static byte[][] splitBytes(byte[] bytes, int splitLength){
- int x; //商,数据拆分的组数,余数不为0时+1
- int y; //余数
- y=bytes.length%splitLength;
- if(y!=0){
- x=bytes.length/splitLength+1;
- }else{
- x=bytes.length/splitLength;
- }
- byte[][] arrays=new byte[x][];
- byte[] array;
- for(int i=0; i<x; i++){
- if(i==x-1 && bytes.length%splitLength!=0){
- array=new byte[bytes.length%splitLength];
- System.arraycopy(bytes, i*splitLength, array, 0, bytes.length%splitLength);
- }else{
- array=new byte[splitLength];
- System.arraycopy(bytes, i*splitLength, array, 0, splitLength);
- }
- arrays[i]=array;
- }
- return arrays;
- }
- //byte数组转十六进制字符串
- public static String bytesToHexString(byte[] bytes) {
- StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(bytes.length);
- String sTemp;
- for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
- sTemp = Integer.toHexString(0xFF & bytes[i]);
- if (sTemp.length() < 2)
- sb.append(0);
- sb.append(sTemp.toUpperCase());
- }
- return sb.toString();
- }
- //十六进制字符串转byte数组
- public static byte[] hexString2Bytes(String hex) {
- int len = (hex.length() / 2);
- hex=hex.toUpperCase();
- byte[] result = new byte[len];
- char[] achar = hex.toCharArray();
- for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
- int pos = i * 2;
- result[i] = (byte) (toByte(achar[pos]) << 4 | toByte(achar[pos + 1]));
- }
- return result;
- }
- private static byte toByte(char c) {
- byte b = (byte) "0123456789ABCDEF".indexOf(c);
- return b;
- }
- }
运行结果就不贴出来了。
最后,有一点必须强调,因为中间磨了我不少时间。
中间加密后,如果要打印出来,必须以十六进制或者BCD码的形式打印,不能new String(byte[])后,再从这个String里getbytes(),也不要用base64,不然会破坏原数据。
比如,举个例子:
- byte[ ] bytes=new byte[ ]{108, -56, 111, 34, -67};
- byte[ ] newBytes=new String(bytes).getBytes();
- StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer();
- for(int i=0; i<newBytes.length; i++){
- sb.append(newBytes[i]+"|");
- }
- System.out.println(sb.toString());
最后一个byte由-67变为了63,这个务必注意啊~