本文探讨了波动方程、扩散方程、矩形区域与极坐标下的Laplace方程的通解。通过分离变量法，分别求解各类型方程，并给出边界条件下的特征值和特征函数。利用这种方法，可以找到如波动和热传导方程的解，以及二维Laplace方程在不同坐标系下的解。
数学物理方程之通解
波动方程 u t t = a 2 u x x u_{tt}=a^2u_{xx} utt=a2uxx
齐次波动方程分离变量得到
{ T ′ ′ a 2 T = X ′ ′ X = − λ X ′ ′ + λ X = 0 T ′ ′ + λ a 2 T = 0 \left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{T^{\prime \prime}}{a^{2} T}=\frac{X^{\prime \prime}}{X}=-\lambda \\ X^{\prime \prime}+\lambda X=0 \\ T^{\prime \prime}+\lambda a^{2} T=0\end{array}\right. ⎩⎨⎧a2TT′′=XX′′=−λX′′+λX=0T′′+λa2T=0
在不同边界条件下有不同的特征值和特征函数
{ λ n = n 2 π 2 l 2 X n ( x ) = sin λ n x , u ∣ x = 0 = 0 = u ∣ x = l \left\{\left.\begin{array}{l}\lambda_{n}=\frac{n^{2} \pi^{2}}{l^{2}} \\ X_{n}(x)=\sin \sqrt{\lambda_{n}} x\end{array} ,\quad \left.u\right|_{x=0}\right.=0=\left.u\right|_{x=l}\right. { λn=l2n2π2Xn(x)=sinλnx,u∣x=0=0=u∣x=l
{ λ n = [ ( 2 n + 1 ) π 2 l ] 2 X n ( x ) = sin λ n x , u ∣ x = 0 = 0 = u x ∣ x = l \left\{\left.\begin{array}{l}\lambda_{n}=\left[\frac{(2n+1)\pi}{ {2l}}\right]^{2} \\ X_{n}(x)=\sin \sqrt{\lambda_{n}} x\end{array}, \quad \left.u\right|_{x=0}\right.=0=\left.u_x\right|_{x=l}\right. { λn=[2l(2n+1)π]2Xn(x)=sinλnx,u∣x=0=0=ux∣x=l
{ λ n = n = [ ( 2 n + 1 ) π 2 l ] 2 X n ( x ) = cos λ n x , u x ∣ x = 0 = 0 = u ∣ x = l \left\{\begin{array}{l}\lambda_{n}={n}=\left[\frac{(2n+1)\pi}{ {2l}}\right]^{2} \\ X_{n}(x)=\cos \sqrt{\lambda_{n}} x\end{array}, \quad \left.u_x\right|_{x=0}\right.=0=\left.u\right|_{x=l} { λn=n=[2l(2n+1)π]2Xn(x)=cosλnx,ux∣x=0=0=u∣x=l
{ λ n = n 2 π 2 l 2 X n ( x ) = cos λ n x , u x ∣ x = 0 = 0 = u x ∣ x = l \left\{\begin{array}{l}\lambda_{n}=\frac{n^{2} \pi^{2}}{l^{2}} \\ X_{n}(x)=\cos \sqrt{\lambda_{n}} x\end{array}, \quad \left.u_x\right|_{x=0}\right.=0=\left.u_x\right|_{x=l} { λn=l2n2π2Xn(x)=cosλn
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