《Learning the UNIX Operating System》 第一章：入门

1 Getting Started

Before you can use Unix, a system staff person has to set up a Unix account for you. The account is identified by your username, which is usually a single word or an abbreviation. Think of this account as your office---it's your place in the Unix environment. Other users may also be at work on the same system. At many sites, there will be a whole network of Unix computers. So in addition to knowing your username, you may also need to know the hostname (name) of the computer that has your account. Alternatively, your account may be shared between all computers on the local network, and you may be able to log into any of them.

[译：在你能够使用Unix之前，系统维护人员已经为你准备了一个帐户。帐户是用你的用户名来标识的，通常是一个单词或缩写词。把这个帐户想像成你的办公室－－在Unix环境中这里是你的地盘。其他的用户也可以在同一个系统上面工作。在许多地方，这可能是一个整个Unix计算机的网络。因而除了知道你的用户名之外，你可能也需要知道有你的帐户的那台计算机的主机名。换句话说，你的帐户可能已经共享在本地网络上的所有计算机之间，并且你也许能登陆到这些计算机中任何一台里面]

[生词：abbreviation 缩写词； will be可能；in addition to 除...之外；in many sites, there will be a whole network of Unix computers ？；Alternatively 换句话说；may be able to 也许能；]

Once you've logged in to your account, you'll interact with your system by typing commands at a command line, to a program called a shell. you'll get acquainted with the shell, enter a few commands, and see how to handle common problems. To finish your Unix session, you'll log out.

[译：一旦你登陆到你的帐户，你将通过在命令行上输入命令来与你的系统交互，是用一个叫shell的程序。你将会熟悉shell，输入少许命令，然后明白怎样处理一般的问题。要结束你的Unix会话，你将退出系统]

Working in the Unix Environment

Each user communicates with the computer from a terminal. To get into the Unix environment, you first connect to the Unix computer. (Your terminal is probably already connected to a computer.* But Unix systems also let you log into other computers across a network. In this case, log into your local computer first, then use a remote login command to connect to the remote computer. See the section "Remote Logins" in Chapter 6)

[译：每个用户从终端与计算机通信。要进入Unix环境里面，你首先要连接Unix计算机。（你的终端或许已经连接到一台计算机。但是Unix系统也允许你通过网络登陆到其他计算机里面。既然这样，首先登陆到你的本地计算机里面，然后使用远程登陆命令连接到远程计算机。见第六章的“远程登陆”部分]

After connecting your terminal, if needed, you start a session by logging in to your Unix account. To log in, you need your username and password. Logging in does two things: it identifies which user in a session, and it tells the computer that you're ready to start work. When you're finished, log out---and, if necessary, disconnect from the Unix computer.

[译：连接你的终端后，如果需要的话，你由登陆到的你的Unix帐户来开始一个会话。要登陆，你需要你的用户名和密码。登陆做两件事情：它标识哪个用户在会话中，并且它通知计算机你准备开始工作。当你已经终止的时候，退出－－如果必要的话，从Unix计算机断开连接]

Unix system are case sensitive. Most usernames, commands, and filenames use lowercase letters (though good passwords use a mixture of lower- and uppercase letters). Before you log in, be sure your <CAPS LOCK> key is off.

[译： Unix系统是区分大小写的。 大多数用户名，命令，文件使用小写字母（虽然好的密码是用小写和大写字母混合的）。你登陆之前，确保你的<CAPS LOCK>键是关的。]

Connecting to the Unix Computer

If you see a message from the computer that looks something like this:

        login:

you're probably connected! You can skip ahead to the section "Logging in Nongraphically" and log in.

Otherwise,if someone nearby users the same kind of computer system you do, the easiest way to find out if you're connected is probably to ask for help. (We can't cover every user's situation exactly. There are just too many possibilities.)

If there's no one to ask, look ahead at the section "logging in Nongraphically," later in this Chapter, as well as the section "Starting X" in Chapter 2 and the section "Remote Logins" in Chapter 6. You may recognize your situation.

If that doesn't help, but your computer seems to be running an operating system other than Unix (such as Microsoft Windows), check your menus and icons for one with the name of the Unix computer you're supposed to connect to. You might also find a program named either telnet, eXceed, ssh, VMware, procomm,qmodem, dermit, or minicom, or something relating to remote access.

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