[Python笔记07] 元类编程

1.property动态属性

我们设计一个类，计算用户的年龄。

from datetime import date, datetime

class User:
    def __init__(self, name, birthday):
        self.name = name
        self.birthday = birthday
    
    def get_age(self):
        return datetime.now().year - self.birthday.year
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    user = User("bobby", date(year=1999, month=4, day=8))
    print(user.get_age())

如果我们之前设计的数据库中有一个self.age属性，现在我们把它删了，而其它地方使用的是user.age获取年龄，那么修改代码就会很麻烦，因此这里使用动态属性来设置年龄。使用动态属性后，就可以直接通过方法名来获取值。

from datetime import date, datetime

class User:
    def __init__(self, name, birthday):
        self.name = name
        self.birthday = birthday
        
    @property
    def age(self):
        return datetime.now().year - self.birthday.year
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    user = User("bobby", date(year=1999, month=4, day=8))
    print(user.age)

我们也可以通过动态属性来设置属性值。

from datetime import date, datetime

class User:
    def __init__(self, name, birthday):
        self.name = name
        self.birthday = birthday
        self._age = 0
        
    @property
    def age(self):
        return datetime.now().year - self.birthday.year
    
    @age.setter
    def age(self, value):
        self._age = value
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    user = User("bobby", date(year=1999, month=4, day=8))
    user.age = 20   #调用@age.setter
    print(user._age)    #获取的是self._age
    print(user.age)     #调用age计算

输出结果

20
21

2.__ getattr __ 和 __ getattribute __的区别

• __ getattr __ 在查找不到属性的时候调用
• __ getattribute __ 在任何时候都会调用

class User:
    def __init__(self,info={}):
        self.info = info

    def __getattr__(self, item):
        return self.info[item]

if __name__ == "__main__":
    user = User(info={"company_name":"tencent", "name":"bobby"})
    print(user.company_name)

输出结果

tencent

class User:
    def __init__(self,info={}):
        self.info = info

    def __getattr__(self, item):
        return self.info[item]

    def __getattribute__(self, item):
        return "bobby"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    user = User(info={"company_name":"tencent", "name":"bobby"})
    print(user.company_name)

输出结果

bobby

3.__ new __ 和 __ init __ 的区别

class User:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):  #先调用,控制对象的生产过程，在对象生成之前
        print("in new")
        return super().__new__(cls)
        
    def __init__(self, name):   #用来完善对象，如果new方法不返回对象，则不会调用init函数
        print("in init")
        self.name = name
        

if __name__ == "__main__":
    user = User(name="bobby")   

输出结果

in new
in init

4.自定义元类

• 元类是创建类的类。
• 类也是对象，type是创建类的类。
• python中类的实例化过程，会首先寻找metaclass，通过metaclass去创建user类。

（1）通过元类来创建类
下面看到一个例子

class MetaClass(type):
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
    
class User(metaclass=MetaClass):
    pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    my_obj = User()
    print(type(my_obj))
    print(my_obj)

输出结果

<class '__main__.User'>
<__main__.User object at 0x0000028BC9E1C198>

可以看到创建了一个User类

我们完善一下user类，增加name属性和显示字符串。

class MetaClass(type):
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
    
class User(metaclass=MetaClass):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        
    def __str__(self):
        return "user"
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    my_obj = User(name="bobby")
    print(my_obj)
    print(type(my_obj))
    print(my_obj.name)

输出结果

user
<class '__main__.User'>
bobby

（2）通过函数来创建类

def create_class(name):
    if name == "user":
        class User:
            def __str__(self):
                return "user"
        return User
    elif name == "company":
        class Company:
            def __str__(self):
                return " company"
        return Company
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    MyClass = create_class("user")
    my_obj = MyClass()
    print(type(my_obj))
    print(my_obj)

输出结果

<class '__main__.create_class.<locals>.User'>
user

（3）通过type创建类

def say(self):
    return "I am user"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    User = type("User", (), {"name": "user", "say": say})
    my_obj = User()
    print(type(my_obj))
    print(my_obj)
    print(my_obj.say())

输出结果

<class '__main__.User'>
<__main__.User object at 0x0000028BC9E132B0>
I am user

继承基类

class BaseClass:
    def answer(self):
        return "I am baseclass"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    User = type("User", (BaseClass, ), {"name": "user"})
    my_obj = User()
    print(type(my_obj))
    print(my_obj)
    print(my_obj.answer())

输出结果

<class '__main__.User'>
<__main__.User object at 0x0000028BC9E13668>
I am baseclass

5.元类实现ORM

import numbers

class Field:
    pass

class IntField(Field):
    # 数据描述符
    def __init__(self, db_column, min_value=None, max_value=None):
        self._value = None
        self.min_value = min_value
        self.max_value = max_value
        self.db_column = db_column
        if min_value is not None:
            if not isinstance(min_value, numbers.Integral):
                raise ValueError("min_value must be int")
            elif min_value < 0:
                raise ValueError("min_value must be positive int")
        if max_value is not None:
            if not isinstance(max_value, numbers.Integral):
                raise ValueError("max_value must be int")
            elif max_value < 0:
                raise ValueError("max_value must be positive int")
        if min_value is not None and max_value is not None:
            if min_value > max_value:
                raise ValueError("min_value must be smaller than max_value")

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        return self._value

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not isinstance(value, numbers.Integral):
            raise ValueError("int value need")
        if value < self.min_value or value > self.max_value:
            raise ValueError("value must between min_value and max_value")
        self._value = value


class CharField(Field):
    def __init__(self, db_column, max_length=None):
        self._value = None
        self.db_column = db_column
        if max_length is None:
            raise ValueError("You must spcify max_length for charfield")
        self.max_length = max_length
        
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        return self._value
    
    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not isinstance(value, str):
            raise ValueError("string value need")
        if len(value) > self.max_length:
            raise ValueError("value len excess len of max_length")
        self._value = value
        

class ModelMetaClass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs, **kwargs):
        if name == "BaseModel":
            return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs, **kwargs)
        fields = {}
        for key, value in attrs.items():
            if isinstance(value, Field):
                fields[key] = value
        attrs_meta = attrs.get("Meta", None)
        _meta = {}
        db_table = name.lower()
        if attrs_meta is not None:
            table = getattr(attrs_meta, "db_table", None)
            if table is not None:
                db_table = table
        _meta["db_table"] = db_table
        attrs["_meta"] = _meta
        attrs["fields"] = fields
        del attrs["Meta"]
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs, **kwargs)
    


class BaseModel(metaclass=ModelMetaClass):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            setattr(self, key, value)
        return super().__init__()

    def save(self):
        fields = []
        values = []
        for key, value in self.fields.items():
            db_column = value.db_column
            if db_column is None:
                db_column = key.lower()
            fields.append(db_column)
            value = getattr(self, key)
            values.append(str(value))

        sql = "insert {db_table}({fields}) value({values})".format(db_table=self._meta["db_table"],
                                                                   fields=",".join(fields), values=",".join(values))
        pass



class User(BaseModel):
    name = CharField(db_column="name", max_length=10)
    age = IntField(db_column="age", min_value=1, max_value=100)

    class Meta:
        db_table = "user"


if __name__ == "__main__":
    user = User(name="bobby", age=28)
    user.name = "bobby"
    user.age = 28
    print(type(user))
    print(user.name)
    print(user.age)
    user.save()