PREP 语法笔记 4

 

考点:简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction） 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）

1)  当动词有名词形式时,就不要使用the +动词ing形式来表达其名词形式

2)  介词+动词分词在句首,逻辑主语等于主句的主语;在句尾,逻辑主语可能等于主句的主语,也可能等

于所修饰的动词的逻辑主语

 

(A) the brain…无法与the production of…平行；growing使用错误,应该用grow的名词形式growth来替

换,increasing应该用increase替换;介词结构when placed无论是修饰主句的主语还是所修饰动词

(include)的逻辑主语,该结构都是修饰的documented examples,而从逻辑意思上看,when placed应该

修饰mice,因此when placed修饰对象错误.

(B)  改变句子意思,从未划线部分看,examples包括的对象应该能够表现neurogenesis,同位语对该词

进行了解释  the production of new brain cells,而选项B的例子包括的是mice和canaries,这两个动物

不是the production of new brain cells的例子,而应该用brain growth in mice和an increase in neurons

in canaries作为the production of new brain cells的例子;指代错误,选项中的they分别就近指代brains

和neurons,导致了逻辑意思错误.

(C)  代词they分别就近指代brains和neurons,导致逻辑意思错误

(D) when placed修饰documented examples,导致逻辑意思错误,代词they就近指代neurons,导致逻辑

意思错误

(E)  正确, brain growth in mice和an increase in neurons in canaries很好的作为了the production of

new brain cells的例子;限定性定语从句that…分别修饰mice和canaries,修饰对象正确.

 

句子结构: Recently documented examples…, …, include the brain growth… or an increase in …

 

65. (28041-!-item-!-188;#058&003495)

 

Developed by Pennsylvania's Palatine Germans about 1750, they made Conestoga wagons with

high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the nonroads of the prairie and they

had a floor curved upward on either end so as to prevent cargo from shifting on steep grades.

(A) they made Conestoga wagons with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats,

and the nonroads of the prairie and they had a floor curved upward on either end so as to prevent

(B) they made Conestoga wagons, which had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy

flats, and the nonroads of the prairie, and floors curved upward on their ends so that they prevented

(C) Conestoga wagons, with high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the

nonroads of the prairie, and had a floor that was curved upward at both ends to prevent

(D) Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the

nonroads of the prairie, and a floor that was curved upward at both ends to prevent

(E) Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the

nonroads of the prairie and floors curving upward at their ends so that it prevented

 

考点:逻辑表达（Logical Predication）

1)  指代歧意

平行对称（Parallelism）、指代一致（Agreement）

2)  同一个句子中，连词连接的结构一定是平行结构

 

(A) 第一个they没有可以指代的对象,第二个they可能跟第一个they指代相同,或者指代wagons,导致

指代不清;they作为developed的逻辑主语,错误,wagons才是developed的逻辑主语.

(B) they没有指代对象;they作为developed的逻辑主语,应该是wagons作为developed的逻辑主语;

and floors curved upward on their ends so that they prevented表达笨拙,their可能指代floors或者

wagons,指代不清.they可能跟their指代一致,也可能指代floors,同样指代不清.

(C) with high wheels…and had a floor结构不平行,前者是介词结构,后者是动词结构

(D) 正确, Conestoga wagons作为developed的逻辑主语,意思正确; wagons had high wheels… and

 

 

a floor结构平行;that限定性定语从句修饰floor没有歧意;用to prevent表示目的,简洁,明了.

(E) it没有指代,their指代不清,即可能指代floors也可能指代wagons；不定式表目的，而so that…通常

表达结果。

 

句子结构: Developed by Pennsylvania’s Palatine…, Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable

of corssing A,B,and C, and a floor that…

 

补充说明:

一般来说,当一个代词可以指代多个对象时,它优先指代离它较近代的对象,如果就近指代会导致逻辑

意思的错误,则可以肯定该选项犯有指代不清的错误.(目前GMAT题目均符合该规律)

有and出现的时候,一定要警惕是不是会有平行结构的考点.读选项时,重点读and连接的对象,跳过修饰

语等成分,如果and连接对象不平行,则可以直接排除该选项,节省时间

 

66. (28087-!-item-!-188;#058&003498)

 

Africa's black rhino population in the mid-1970's numbered about 20,000, ten times the estimated

population of 2,000 in 1997.

 

(A) the estimated population

(B) that of their estimated population

(C) more than the population's estimated amount

(D) more black rhinos than their population estimate

(E) more than that of their population's estimated amount

 

考点:习惯用语（Idiom） 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）

1)  倍数的表达

    1)twice as many...as; twice as much...as; twice + the + n.; twice + what 从句

    2)用动词表达数 double, triple, quadruple, quintuple,   可用主动语态,也可以用被动语态,但不能和

as 搭配

  3)...times(或数字) + as +    形容词或副词 + as...或…times the + n

    4) sb. be +  百分数  + more likely to do sth. than (to) do sth

 

(A) 正确, 表达符合习惯用法,意思表达清晰,简洁

(B) that只能指代rhino population,从而跟后面的their estimated population意思重复

(C) the population’s estimated amount表达笨拙,复杂

(D) 表达复杂,笨拙；their没有指代对象。

(E)  表达复杂,笨拙,that指代rhino population和their population’s estimated amount意思重复；their

没有指代对象。

 

句子结构: …population…numbered about 20,000, ten times the…

 

67. (28133-!-item-!-188;#058&003500)

 

Scientists say that each of the photographs taken of the Ares Vallis plain by the Mars Pathfinder

indicate the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree that

rocks were scattered by its force.

 

(A) indicate the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree

that

(B) indicate that the extent of the floods on the planet billions of years ago was overwhelming and

 

 

the degree to which

(C) indicate the overwhelming extent of the floods on the planet billions of years ago and the degree

to which

(D) indicates the overwhelming extent of the flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the

degree to which

(E) indicates the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree

that

 

考点:主谓一致（Agreement） 习惯用语（Idiom）  平行对称（Parallelism）

1) each of 复数名词 + verb,谓语动词用单数

2)  习惯用语:the extent of sth   或者to …extent,   表示…的范围

3)  习惯用语:the degree to sth   或者to…degree,   表示…的程度

4)  同一句子中，连词连接的对象一定要平行

 

(A) 主谓不一致, indicate的主语是each,应该用单数形式;extend to sth错,应该改为extend of sth; the

degree that错,应该改为the degree to which

(B) 主谓不一致; and前后对象不平行,前者是句子,后者是名词结构

(C)  主谓不一致

(D) 正确, indicates和主语each主谓一致;extend of sth和degree to sth符合习惯用法

(E) extend to sth和degree that不符合习惯用法

 

句子结构: Scientists say that each of… indicates the overwhelming extent… and the degree…

 

68. (28179-!-item-!-188;#058&003508)

 

For the best extraction of the flavor of saffron threads, it should be soaked in liquid after being

pounded with a mortar and pestle.

 

(A) For the best extraction of the flavor of saffron threads, it should be soaked in liquid after being

pounded

(B) To best extract their flavor, saffron threads should be soaked in liquid after pounding

(C) The best way to extract the flavor from saffron threads is soaking them in liquid after being

pounded

(D) The best way to extract the flavor from saffron threads is to soak them in liquid after pounding

them

(E) The flavor of saffron threads can best be extracted by soaking it in liquid after pounding it

 

考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）、简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）平行对称（Parellelism）

1)  介词+动词分词放在在句尾,逻辑主语可能等于主句的主语,也可能等于所修饰的动词的逻辑主语

2) being错误使用:   以下几种表达中being属于多余

a) being + n. b) being + adj. c) as being + n./adj./v-ing

3) sth is sth是一种平行结构,其中sth和sth一定要能够对应,平行

 

(A) it无指代; best extraction意思表达模糊;being pounded中being多余

(B) best extract意思表达模糊, after pounding无论是修饰主句的主语还是所修饰动词的逻辑主语都是

修饰saffron threads, 因此pound应该使用被动语态pounded,因为saffron threads不能主动用mortar

和pestle去搞烂,而是被mortar和pestle搞烂

(C) the best way to extract is soaking…不平行,应该改为the best way to extract is to soak…;介词短

语after being pounded修饰soaking的逻辑主语或者主句的主语the best way, after being pounded修

饰the best way不符合逻辑,修饰soaking的逻辑主语(可以想象是某人soaking them…)也不符合逻辑

 

 

(D) 正确, the best way to extract… is to soak结构平行;them指代saffron threads,指代正确;after

pounding them修饰soak的逻辑主语(可以想象为某人),符合逻辑

(E) The flavor of saffron threads can best be extracted by表达笨拙; it没有指代

 

句子结构: The best way to… is to…

 

补充说明:

sth is sth的平行,对应在实战中不容易看得出来,平时训练的时候看到be动词,也要警惕,是否会考到平

行,对应.举OG10th 84题为例

84. One legacy of Madison Avenue's recent campaign to appeal to people fifty years old and over

is the realization that as a person ages. their concerns change as well.

(A) the realization that as a person ages, their

(B) the realization that as people age, their

(C) to realize that when a person ages, his or her

(D) to realize that when people age, their 

(E) realizing that as people age, their

其中 C,D,E 选项均不满足 sth is sth 的平行对应. one legacy 是名词,因此和它对应的也应该是名词,而

C,D,E 分别是 to do 结构和动名词结构,不能和名词结构平行,因此排除 C,D,E 选项,然后根据指代一致,

排除 A,正确答案为 B

 

69. (28225-!-item-!-188;#058&003542)

 

The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain names of

high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit, led to passing the

Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999,