句子结构: Research has shown that when speaking, individuals who have been… and have…
make hand motions just as…as sighted people do, and that they will…
93. (29569-!-item-!-188;#058&003953)
Both the complexity of the phenomenon known as extinction and the vastness of the biosphere,
having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working
both in the field and in laboratories to clarify the relationships among the planet's many endangered
life-forms.
(A) and the vastness of the biosphere, having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase
in the number of biologists working both
(B) and the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists calling for a large increase in
the number of biologists both working
(C) and the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in
the number of biologists working both
(D) as well as the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large
increase in the number of biologists who both work
(E) as well as the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists to call for a large
increase in the number of biologists who work both
考点: 句子结构（Grammatical Construction） 习惯用语（Idiom） 平行对称（Parallelism） 主
谓一致（Agreement）
1) 一个正确的句子中,主语和谓语是必不可少的,缺少主语和谓语都会导致句子结构不完整
2) 习惯用法: both…and…，结构一定要平行
3) 主谓一致: both…and…结构构成复合主语,谓语动词用复数
(A) 整个句子缺乏谓语结构
(B) 主谓不一致,both…and…结构需要用复数谓语动词,has应该改为have; both working in the field
and in laboratories结构不平行
(C) 正确, 注意到了主谓一致,并且第二个both…and结构平行
(D) both…as well as结构不符合习惯用法; both work in the field and in laboratories结构不平行
(E) both…as well as结构不符合习惯用法; has应该改为have
句子结构: Both the complexity…and the vastness…have prompted many scientists to call…
94. (29615-!-item-!-188;#058&003960)
The decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog in the high reaches of the Sierra Nevada has
become severe enough for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service quite possibly to list it as an
endangered species in the near future.
(A) severe enough for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service quite possibly to list it
(B) severe enough so that the United States Fish and Wildlife Service could well list them
(C) severe enough for it quite possibly to be listed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
(D) so severe that the United States Fish and Wildlife Service could well list it
(E) so severe that they could well be listed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
考点: 有效用词（Diction）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) enough to, so/such…that…, so/such…as to三者都表示结果,区别在于:enough to表示主观满足,在
标准书面语中很少使用;so/such...that不用考虑逻辑主语问题;so/such...as to逻辑主语等于句子主语,
即句子主语可以执行as to后面动词所表达的作用,实战中发现选项中含有这三者,首先排除enough to
的选项
2) 主动语态优于被动语态
(A) severe enough to表达的意思错误。
(B) enough so that…不符合习惯用法; them没有指代
(C) severe enough to表达的意思错误。
(D) 正确; it指代mountain yellow-legged frog; 使用主动语态, 表达更加有效
(E) they没有指代; 被动语态不如主语语态表达更有效
句子结构: The decline… has become so… that…
95. (29661-!-item-!-188;#058&003962)
Unlike frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles into adults within a one-year period, it takes three to
four years for the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada to reach adulthood, and so they
are restricted to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer or freeze solid in winter.
(A) it takes three to four years for the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada to reach
adulthood, and so they are
(B) it takes the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada three to four years until it reaches
adulthood, and therefore it is
(C) in the Sierra Nevada, mountain yellow-legged tree frogs take three to four years to reach
adulthood, thus being
(D) mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years until they reach
adulthood, thus
(E) mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years to reach adulthood,
and so they are
考点: 平行对称（Parallelism） 指代一致（Agreement） 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1) 比较结构的双方必须要对应: 包括概念对等, 数量对等(单对单,多对多)
2) 在用like/unlike表达对比时,最有效的句子结构为: Unlike/like A…, B…(A,B为比较双方), B要出现
在句首
3) 现在分词短语和过去分词短语都可以做伴随状语，现在分词短语表示与主句的主语在逻辑上有主
谓关系，即表主动意义；而过去分词短语则表示与主句的主语在逻辑上是动宾关系，即被动意义
4) 伴随状语出现的条件是由一个主语发出两个动作或同一个主语处于两种状态，或同一个主语发出
一个动作时又伴随有某一种状态. 伴随状语的逻辑主语一般情况下必须是全句的主语，伴随状语与谓
语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的
5) 习惯用法:take sth/some time to do
(A) 不符合Unlike/like句式的最佳表现形式, 应该将对比物mountain yellow-legged frog放在句首; 不
符合比较双方的数量对等原则,frogs和mountain yellow-legged frog数量上不对等; they指代frogs, 不
能指代mountain yellow-legged frog, 导致逻辑意思错误
(B) 错误同A, takes sb until…不符合习惯用法
(C) 不符合Unlike/like句式的最佳表现形式, 应该将对比物mountain yellow-legged frogs放在句首;
being多余,可以直接用过去分词做伴随状语, 但即使伴随状语形式正确,但是用在这里逻辑意思错误,
这两个动作并不时同时发生,而是两个动作存在因为关系,前一个动作导致了后一个动作,应该用因果
关系的并列句来表达该逻辑关系
(D) take … until不符合习惯用法; 使用伴随状语不符合逻辑
(E) 正确, 比较对象mountain yellow-legged frogs置于句首,比较更加有效,且符合比较双方数量对等
原则; take some time to do符合习惯用法; 使用and连接因果关系的句子符合逻辑意思
句子结构: Unlike frogs that…, mountain yellow-legged frogs…take… to reach…, and so they are…
96. (29707-!-item-!-188;#058&003977)
In some species of cricket, the number of chirps per minute used by the male for attracting females
rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and they can in fact serve as an
approximate thermometer.
(A) for attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and they can
in fact serve
(B) for attracting females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, which can
in fact serve
(C) in attracting females rise and fall in accordance with the surrounding temperature, in fact
possibly serving
(D) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and it can in
fact serve
(E) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, in fact
possibly serving
考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）主谓一致（Agreement）
1) 若在题中的划线部分(即A选项)中出现情态动词,那么在最后的正确答案中必须有此情态动词或类
似语气的词出现, 实战中,不含此情态动词或类似语气词的选项均为错误选项,立即排除. 情态动词也
不可随意添加,原句中没有情态动词,选项中随意添加也为错误选项
2) the number of + 复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式; a number of + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动
词用复数
(A) 用for doing结构表示目的,不如to do结构有效; 主谓不一致,主语是the number, 谓语应该用单数;
they只能指代some species, 导致逻辑错误
(B) for doing使用错误, which就近指代temperature,导致逻辑错误
(C) in doing使用错误; 主谓不一致; 使用伴随状语导致逻辑错误,有作后置定语修饰temperature的歧
义存在；rise and fall和serve不是同时发生的动作, 不存在逻辑关系; 将can改为possibly,改变了原句
的意思
(D) 正确, 注意到了主谓一致; 使用to do表示目的更加有效; 用and连接句子, 意思符合逻辑
(E) 伴随状语使用错误,有作后置定语修饰temperature的歧义存在；possibly使用错误
句子结构: …, the number of… rises and falls…, and it can… serve as…
97. (29753-!-item-!-188;#058&003991)
Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around
the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical
pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.
(A) while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants,
having
(B) while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have
(C) while they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time,
which have
(D) but introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time that have
(E) but at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having
考点: 指代一致（Agreement） 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) 现在分词的完成时态不能作修饰语
2) while 引导从句时,如主从句的主语一致,且从句谓语又含有 be,则从句主语和 be 可省略。while 后可
直接跟现在分词、名词、形容词或介词短语。如:
We are teachers while (we are) serving as students.我们边当老师边当学生。
3) 限定性定语从句表示的是局部概念: 例: I am checking up the models who are in black T-shirt. 表
明有很多模特,而我打量的是那些穿黑色圆领衫的模特.限定性定语从句区分了我打量的模特和其他的
模特.
4) 非限定定语从句表示的是整体的概念: 例: I am checking up the models, who are in black T-shirt.
表明这里有一群模特,这些模特共同的特点是她们都穿黑色圆领衫.
(A)第二个they有指代不清的嫌疑, 既可能指代第一个they所指代的Industrialization and modern
methods of insect control又可以指代chemical pollutants；句尾的分词结构having gone…目的是作
pollutants的后置定语，但有作状语的歧义存在。
(B) 正确, 使用sb do… while doing 结构, 省掉了they, 避免了同第二个they产生指代不清的嫌疑;
使用限定性定语从句符合逻辑意思
(C) 使用which作非限定定语从句,导致逻辑错误, 表明所有的chemical pollutants都 have gone
virtually unregulated; 第二个they有指代不清的嫌疑
(D) but introducing不能和have improved构成并列
(E) but… introducing不能和have improved构成并列; 句尾的分词结构having gone…目的是作
pollutants的后置定语，但有作状语的歧义存在。
句子结构: Industrialization and modern methods… have improved… while… introducing…
98. (29799-!-item-!-188;#058&004009)
A decade after initiating the nation's most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking program, per
capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs annually per person to
about 60, a drop more than twice as great as in the nation as a whole.
(A) per capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs annually per
person to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as
(B) annual per capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs to about
60, more than twice as great as that
(C) California's annual per capita consumption of cigarettes declined from over 125 packs per
person to about 60, more than twice as great as the drop
(D) California has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs annually
to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as that
(E) California has seen annual per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs
per person to about 60, more than twice as great as that
考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication） 比较（Comparision）
1) 逻辑主语
2) 比较双方要对等
(A) per capita consumption of cigarettes作为initiating的逻辑主语,不符合逻辑; a drop more than
twice as great as in the nation比较双方不对等,应该改为that in the nation, that代替a drop, 构成对等
的比较
(B) annual per capita consumption of cigarettes作为initiating的逻辑主语,不符合逻辑; more than
twice as great as that不符合同位语构成方式,应该补上a drop对前面的现象进行概括
(C) California's annual per capita consumption作为initiating的逻辑主语,不符合逻辑; more than结构
不符合同位语构成
(D) 正确, California作为initiating的逻辑主语,符合逻辑; a drop…结构符合同位语构成; that代替a
drop使得比较双方对等
(E) more than 结构不符合同位语构成; per capita 和 per person 重复; 改变了原意“人均吸烟量每年下
降……”，而 E 是“年人均吸烟量下降……”
句子结构: … after initiating…, California has seen…capita consumption…decline from.. to…, a
drop…
99. (29845-!-item-!-188;#058&004015)
A study of food resources in the North Pacific between 1989 and 1996 revealed that creatures of
the seabed were suffering from dwindling food supplies, possibly resulting from increasing sea
surface temperatures during the same period.
(A) that creatures of the seabed were suffering from dwindling food supplies, possibly resulting from
increasing
(B) that creatures of the seabed were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, possibly as a
result of an increase in
(C) that creatures of the seabed were suffering because of food supplies, which were dwindling
possibly as a result of increasing
(D) creatures of the seabed that were suffering from food supplies that were dwindling, possibly
resulting from an increase in
(E) creatures of the seabed that were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, which
possibly resulted from increasing
考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication） 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）
1) 动词的现在分词作形容词,一般含有正在进行的意思
2) which/it 都不能指代整个句子
(A) sb. suffer from B,表示sb.遭受了B, B表示的是遭受的结果,因此使用dwindling不好,现在分词一般
表示过程, 应该使用名词或过去分词表示结果; 同样increasing也不好, result from后面接事实,表示原
因, 应该用increased或者an increase来代替increasing
(B) 正确。
(C) because of food supplies强调的是food supplies, 而从逻辑上应该强调dwindle; increasing不好,
应该用increased或者an increase来表示结果
(D) revealed creature of the seabed强调的是名词creature of the seabed, 不能准确的表达revealed
的完整意思
(E) 除了D中的错误外, which不能指代整个句子,使用错;increasing使用错误
句子结构: A study… revealed that creatures… were suffering because…
100. (29891-!-item-!-188;#058&004023)
To help counteract the adverse effects of trout stocking on the amphibian populations in certain
mountain lakes, biologists are recommending cutting back on trout stocking on the part of some
states and even their being removed from some popular fishing lakes.
(A) cutting back on trout stocking on the part of some states and even their being removed
(B) cutting back on trout stocking on the part of some states and even that they remove them
(C) that trout stocking be cut back in some states and they even remove the trout
(D) that some states cut back on trout stocking and even their being removed
(E) that some states cut back on trout stocking and even remove the trout
考点: 习惯用语（Idiom） 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）
1) 习惯用法: recommend sth., recommend that (使用虚拟语气), recommend doing sth.
2) 在require, demand等表“建议,命令”意义的词之后的that从句,要求用虚拟语气动词,即动词原形,不
加should
(A) and even their being removed表达笨拙;
(B) and even that跟cutting back不平行
(C) 使用被动语态,不如主动语态有效；and they…是独立的句子，语法上与主句biologist are
recommending…并列，they指代biologist，但根据原句意思，they应指代states，故不符合逻辑。
(D) even their being removed表达笨拙, 并且跟cut bank不平行
(E) 正确，使用recommend that表达虚拟语气, some states cut back …and remove…结构平行
句子结构: To help…, biologists are recommending that some states cut back…and even remove…
101. (29937-!-item-!-188;#058&004052)
Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that free trade encourages industry to relocate
to countries with ineffective or poorly enforced antipollution laws, mostly in the developing world,
and that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward
more lax attitudes about pollution.
(A) that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward
more lax attitudes about pollution
(B) that, for maintaining competitiveness, rich nations join in this downward slide toward more lax
attitudes about pollution
(C) that rich nations join this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution because of
wanting to maintain competitiveness
(D) that in rich nations, joining this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution is a
result of wanting to maintain competition
(E) that wanting to maintain competition is making rich nations join in this downward slide toward an
attitude about pollution that is more lax
句子结构：Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that… and that…
主语是Many environmentalists and some economists，谓语是say，后跟由that引导的两个并列宾语
从句。
考点：平行对称、逻辑表达、动词形式、简洁有效
1) 并列结构-宾语从句，say 后接宾语从句，必须由 that 引导，并列的宾语从句 that 不可以省略。
2) 逻辑表达-修饰歧义，定语从句修饰紧临的名词。
3) 动词形式-原文时态不应随意改变，如果选项将时态没有理由的进行了改变，即改变了原句要表达
的时间关系。
4) 简洁有效，in order to do 等于不定式 to do，是表达目的的最好方式，常见一些错误的表达方式
如 because of doing sth, a result of doing sth。
(A) 正确，say 后跟两个由 that 引导的并列宾语从句；in order to do sth 表达目的。
B: for doing sth 表达目的的方式错误；改变了原句完成时态。
(C) 介词 because of 后加名词表原因，改变了原句表达目的的意思；wanting to do 等于 to do，不简
洁。
(D) doing sth is a result of doing sth 的表达方式不简洁；wanting to do 等于 to do。
(E) that 引导的定语从句修饰对象错误，根据原句意思应该修饰 attitudes，但在 E 中错误地修饰
pollution；wanting to do sth is making sb do sth 的表达方式不简洁；wanting to do 等于 to do。
102. (29983-!-item-!-188;#058&004080)
Recent breakthroughs in technology have made it possible that high-definition digital video
cameras are able to capture material with a degree of fidelity that nearly compares to 35-millimeter
film and to project it digitally in theaters with no resulting loss of image quality.
(A) it possible that high-definition digital video cameras are able to capture material with a degree of
fidelity that nearly compares to
(B) it possible to have high-definition digital video cameras that can capture material at a degree of
fidelity almost like that with
(C) it possible for high-definition digital video cameras to capture material with a degree of fidelity
nearly comparable to that of
(D) possible high-definition digital video cameras that can capture material at a degree of fidelity
almost like
(E) possible high-definition digital video cameras able to capture material with a degree of fidelity
that nearly compares to that with
句子结构：Recent breakthrough… have made it possible for… to do… and to do…
主语是breakthrough，谓语是have made，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是并列的不定式结构to capture
and to project。
考点：比较、句子结构、逻辑表达、简洁有效
1) 比较-比较对象对等，compare, like等词连接比较相同对象时，要由that或those指代，否则会使比
较对象不对等。
2) 句子结构-it作形式宾语，注意形式宾语的格式及用法，及物动词+it+宾语补语+不定式，动词有find,
deem, make等（详见补充材料1）。
3) 逻辑表达-维持原句强调重心，注意原句使用形式宾语所强调的内容，在本句中make possible的
是cameras to capture material而不是have cameras，不能改变原句的合理重心。
4) 简洁有效，形容词作定语比that引导的定语从句更简洁。
(A) compare to的比较对象成为fidelity与35-millimeter film，不对等。
(B) 第一个that引导定语从句修饰cameras，改变原句强调重心；第二个that的位置不正确，应该置于
almost like前面；介词with应为of，即that(fidelity) of 35-millimeter film。
(C) 正确，it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式结构to capture material with a degree of fidelity；
cameras的fidelity与35-millimeter film的fidelity比较。
(D) 缺少形式宾语it；like的比较对象成为fidelity与35-millimeter film，不对等。
(E) 缺少形式宾语it；宾语从句谓语不完整，应为bable to do；that nearly compares to从句修饰fidelity
不及形容词comparable作定语简洁。
补充说明：
1、形式宾语（先行宾语），用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语放到句子后部去。三种用法：
1）代词不定式
He makes it a rule to give short speeches.
2）代表that引起的从句（that有时省略）
They kept it quiet that he was dead.
3）代表连接代（副）词引起的从句
He soon made it clear why he had asked for a conference.
2、fidelity: noun. the quality of being accurate精确性，准确性
103. (30029-!-item-!-188;#058&004082)
Simply because they are genetically engineered does not make it any more likely for plants to
become an invasive or persistent weed, according to a decade-long study published in the journal
Nature.
(A) because they are genetically engineered does not make it any more likely for plants to
(B) because it is genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to
(C) being genetically engineered does not make it any more likely that plants will
(D) being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to
(E) being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely that it will become
句子结构：Simply being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to become…,
according to…
主语是 being genetically engineered，谓语是 does not make，宾语是 a plant，any more likely 是形
容词作宾语补语。
考点：句子结构、指代一致、简洁有效
句子结构，完整的句子要有主语和谓语，并且只能有一个主句主语，本题是动名词作主语。
指代一致-单复数一致，注意未划线部分句子的名词或谓语动词单复数形式，要前后保持一致。
简洁有效，Likely 用法: sth be likely to do…, likely that…（由 it 作形式主语 it is likely that…）两种
用法都正确，但前者更简洁。
(A) because 引导原因状语从句，句子缺少主语；未划线部分的 an invasive 应该由单数形式 a plant
来对应；Be more likely to do 更加简洁。
(B) because 引导原因状语从句，句子缺少主语。
(C) 未划线部分的 an invasive 应该由单数形式 a plant 来对应；Be more likely to do 更加简洁。
(D) 正确，动名词 being 作主语，谓语是 does not make。
(E) make 后缺少形式宾语 it，more likely to do 更加简洁。
补充说明：
1、主语表示法
主语可以用下面这些成分表示：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、词组、从句、名词化的其它词
类、动名词。
2、动词句型-五种基本句型
句子的两个主要组成部分是主语和谓语，英语的五种基本句型如下：
1）主语+不及物动词：S+Vi
The little girl smiled.
2）主语+及物动词+宾语：S+Vt+O
She knows English.
3）主语+（双宾）动词+间接宾语+直接宾语：S+Vt+Oi+Od
He told us a story.
4）主语+系动词+表语（补语）：S+V+C
She looked delighted.
5）主语+动词+宾语+宾语补语：S+V+O+C
The news made us sad.
104. (30075-!-item-!-188;#058&004088)
In Britain, "pig" refers to any member of the class of domestic swine, but the United States uses the
term when referring only to younger swine not yet ready for market and weighing less than 82
kilograms (180 pounds).
(A) the United States uses the term when referring
(B) the United States term refers
(C) in the United States the term refers
(D) in the United States they use the term as it refers
(E) it is used in the United States when referring
句子结构：In Britain, ”pig” refers to…, but in the United States the term refers to…
并列句第一个句子的主语是pig，谓语是refers to，宾语是any member，第二个句子的主语是the term，
谓语是refers to，宾语是youngers swine，not yet ready for market是形容作后置定语，weighing less
than 82 kilograms是现在分词作后置定语，都是用来修饰名词younger swine的。
考点：平行对称、指代一致、逻辑表达、句子结构
平行对称，but 连接两个并列（转折含义）句子，尽量在形式上能保持平行；留意未划线部分句子的
用词，避免与划线部分产生错误的平行结构，导致句子有歧义。
代词指代，句中的代词必须有合理明确的指代对象。
逻辑表达-维持原意，原句中的状语或定语不能随意互换，以保持原句意思。
句子结构，介词只跟名词或代词，不能连接句子，由连词连接句子。
(A) 表达不简洁，而且referring有与未划线部分weighing并列的嫌疑，产生歧义。
(B) the United States term改变了原句意思，原句要表达的是同一个term，在不同国家的含义。
(C) 正确，the term指”pig”。
(D) 复数代词they没有指代对象；use sth as中的as是介词，后面只能跟名词或代词，不能连接句子。
(E) 表达不简洁，而且referring有与未划线部分weighing并列的嫌疑，产生歧义。
105. (30121-!-item-!-188;#058&004107)
Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers' personal and financial information
with an outside marketing company in return for a commission on sales, the state's attorney general
accused the bank of engaging in deceptive business practices by failing to honor its promise to its
customers to keep records private.
(A) by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep
(B) by its failure of honoring its promise to its customers to keep
(C) in its failing to honor its promise to its customers of keeping
(D) because of its failure in honoring its promise to its customers in keeping
(E) because of its failure to honor its promise to its customers of keeping
句子结构：Even though…, the state’ attorney general accused the bank of engaging in… by failing
to…
主语是 attorney，谓语是 accused，宾语是 the bank，of engaging in…是介词短语作宾语补语。
考点：简洁有效、习惯用法
简洁有效，当 because of, by doing, because, due to, by + 名词等在选项句首，第一选择是 because
连词，其次是 by doing，因为动词比名词更能表达的意思更完整。
习惯用法，promise to do sth 或者 promise that…
(A) 正确，by doing to do 表示 engage in deceptive business practice 的方式；promise 的习惯用法
是 promise to do sth 或者 promise that…，而不是 promise of doing 或 in doing sth。
(B) 名词 failure 不如动词 failing 简洁。
(C) its failing 是动名词不够简洁；promise of doing 的表达不正确。
(D) 名词 failure 不如动词 failing 简洁。
(E) its failing 是动名词不够简洁；promise of doing 的表达不正确。
106. (30167-!-item-!-188;#058&004112)
Officials at the United States Mint believe that the Sacagawea dollar coin will be used more as a
substitute for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1 grams, is far
less than four quarters, which weigh 5.67 grams each.
(A) more as a substitute for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1
grams, is far less than
(B) more as a substitute for four quarters than the dollar bill because it weighs only 8.1 grams, far
lighter than
(C) as a substitute for four quarters more than for the dollar bill because it weighs only 8.1 grams,
far less than
(D) as a substitute for four quarters more than the dollar bill because its weight of only 8.1 grams is
far lighter than it is for
(E) as a substitute more for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1
grams, is far less than it is for
句子结构：Officials believe that the Sacagawea dollar coin will be used as a substitute for… more
than for… because it weighs…
主语是 officials，谓语是 believe，宾语是由 that 引导的宾语从句。
考点：比较、指代一致
比较，less/more + adj. … than… ，比较对象要对等，介词不可省略；more… than 经常会出现 rather
than 作为混淆；如果比较结构中的 than 前面有多个名词，than 后面需要补充出介词以避免产生
歧义。
指代，单数代词 it 在句中指代出现过的名词，要注意逻辑意思是否合理。
(A) more… rather than 搭配错；its weitht 和后面 four quarters 比较对象不对等。
(B) more as… than the dollar，the dollar 和前面比较对象有歧义。
(C) 正确，介词短语 a substitute for… more than for…形式上并列。
(D) more than 后面省略介词 for 使句子产生歧义；it 没有指代对象，根据句意 it 应该指 weight，不能
指代 its weight，因为原句是将 dollar 的 weight 和 for quarter 的 weight 进行比较，两个 weight 不同，
如果用 it 指代，则不符合逻辑。
(E) more… rather than 搭配错；it 没有指代对象，根据句意 it 应该指 weight，不能指代 its weight，
原因同选项 D。
107. (30213-!-item-!-188;#058&004113)
Women are expected to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, a trend ultimately
placing more women in leadership positions in politics and business.
(A) Women are expected to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, a trend
ultimately placing
(B) The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will
ultimately place
(C) The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, which will
ultimately place
(D) It is expected that the majority of students entering law school this fall will be women, a trend
ultimately placing
(E) It is expected for women to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, which will
ultimately place
句子结构：The majority of students… are expected to be woman, a trend that…
主语是 the majority，谓语是 are expected to，a trend that 是同位语从句。
考点：句子结构、指代一致、逻辑表达
句子结构-（概括性）同位语，a trend 概括前面描述的现象。
指代一致-which 指代，which 和同位语结构同时出现，表明应该用同位语结构，因为 which 不能指代
前面整个句子。
逻辑表达-修饰，分词和 that 从句修饰一个名词，要看从句是否有表达分词不能表达的逻辑含义，如
果是则选从句，反之选分词修饰更加简洁。
(A) 同位语 a trend 的分词后置定语 placing，不能表现出即将发生的趋势，而是表达了一直发生的含
义。
(B) correct，用 that 定语从句修饰同位语 trend，清楚地表明了要发生的动作。
(C) which 不能指代前面整个句子。
(D) 同位语 a trend 的分词后置定语 placing，不能表现出即将发生的趋势，而是表达了一直发生的含
义；it is expected that…的表达不简洁。
(E) which 不能指代前面整个句子；it is expected for sb to…的表达不简洁。
补充说明：同位语
1、同位结构的特征
1）起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语；
2）必须对其修饰对象具有解释力；
3）位置：名词前或名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面；
4）不影响主谓一致（谓语应该和主语保持一致，而不是和同位语）；
5）同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。
2、同位结构的形式
1）名词性同位语：名词解释名词。N., n.; n., a/an + n.或 a/an + n., n.; the + n., n.（前面的 the + n
为同位结构）
2）内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that 从句，that 从句对抽象
名词进行具体化解释（注意与 of 结构的区别）
3）概括性同位语：用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：短语/句子，a program/information/an
effort/a practice that...
4）名词重复性同位结构：n,n（重复所修饰的名词）+that 定语从句
5）代词代替性同位结构：n,one/ones+that 定语从句
108. (30307-!-item-!-188;#058&004171)
According to a new report by the surgeon general, women with less than a high school education
had three times the likelihood that they would begin smoking as women who went to college.
(A) had three times the likelihood that they would begin smoking
(B) had three times the likelihood of beginning smoking
(C) were three times more likely to begin to smoke
(D) were three times more likely that they would begin to smoke
(E) were three times as likely to begin smoking
句子结构：According to…, women… were three times as likely to… as women…
主语是women，系动词were，表语是three times as likely to…。
考点：比较
比较-倍数，倍数比较的正确表达方式为：…times（或数字）+as+形容词或副词+as…，注意as…as…
的固定搭配，more…as…是常见混淆选项。
(A) 比较结构不完整，未划线部分的as后面跟的是名词，所以as为介词，完整的形式应该为as+形容
词…as…。
(B) 错误与A选项相同；likelihood后接that从句与likelihood of doing sth两种表达方式都正确。
(C) 比较结构搭配错误，more likely to…应该跟than，而不是as。
(D) 错误与C选项相同。
E: 正确，倍数+as+形容词+as。
109. (30353-!-item-!-188;#058&004189)
The discovery of glass being expandable and able to be shaped by human breath revolutionized
glassworking to such an extent that today "glassblowing" has become the generic term for all
glassworking, whether the glass is blown or formed by other techniques.
(A) of glass being expandable and able to be
(B) of glass that is capable of expansion and
(C) of glass being capable of expansion and that it can be
(D) that glass can be expanded and it is able to be
(E) that glass can be expanded and
句子结构：The discovery that… revolutionized glassworking to such an extent that…
主语是discovery，后跟that引导的主语同位语从句，谓语是revolutionized，宾语是glassworking，to
such an extent是宾语补语，that引导定语从句修饰名词extent。
考点：句子结构、简洁有效
句子结构
1） 同位语从句，名词+that同位语从句结构常被名词+of being混淆，将that位置改变，使引
导定语从句，改变句子强调重心。
2） 连词and在连接句子时，只能连接并列的独立句子（即主句），and后面的句子不能与从
句并列。
简洁有效-省略，句子的并列谓语如果都有be动词，要注意其功能是否相同。相同功能的be动词才可
以省略，不同功能的不可以省略。
(A) discovery后面应该跟同位语从句解释discovery的内容；being expandable与able to be shaped不
平行。
(B) that引导的定语从句修饰glass，改变了句子强调重心；is capable of expansion与shaped不平行，
再者shaped前面省略的is应该是被动语态中的助动词，与is capable of的系动词is功能不同，这种省
略是错误的。
(C) discovery后面应该跟同位语从句解释discovery的内容；and that没有并列对象。
(D) and连接独立的句子，所以it is able to be shaped…无法与从句that glass can be expanded并列，
只能与主语并列，it指代discovery，不符合逻辑关系。
(E) 正确，discovery后跟同位语从句解释discovery的内容；expanded和shaped并列作同位语从句的
谓语。
补充说明：同位语从句
有很多名词后可以跟that引起的从句，说明其内容，可以称作同位语从句。
He referred to Copernicus’s statement that the earth moves round the sun.
有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。
The rumour spread that a new school would be built here.
在少数情况下也可用连接副词（代词）引起的从句作同位语。
He had no idea why she left.
110. (30399-!-item-!-188;#058&004205)
The federal immigration station on Ellis Island, which was first opened in 1892, then rebuilt in 1900,
processing nearly three quarters of all immigrants entering the United States in the first quarter of
the twentieth century.
(A) The federal immigration station on Ellis Island, which was first opened in 1892, then rebuilt in
1900, processing nearly three quarters of all immigrants entering the United States in the first
quarter of the twentieth century.
(B) Having processed nearly three quarters of all immigrants who enter the United States in the first
quarter of the twentieth century, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island first opened in 1892
and then was rebuilt in 1900.
(C) Processing nearly three quarters of all immigrants to enter the United States in the first quarter
of the twentieth century, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island first opened in 1892, being
rebuilt in 1900.
(D) First opened in 1892, then rebuilt in 1900, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island
processed nearly three quarters of all immigrants entering the United States in the first quarter of
the twentieth century.
(E) Of all immigrants to enter the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century, the
federal immigration station on Ellis Island processed nearly three quarters of them, having first
opened in 1892 and rebuilt in 1900.
句子结构：First opened in…, then rebuilt in…, the federal immigration station… processed…
immigrants entering…
主语是the federal immigration station，由并列的两个过去分词定语opened in, rebuilt in修饰，谓语是
processed，宾语是immigrants，entering…是现在分词作后置定语修饰名词immigrants。
(A) which引导定语从句修饰主语immigration station，句子缺少谓语，现在分词processing应改为谓
语动词形式processed。
(B) 句子谓语结构不完整，主语为the federal immigration station，谓语应该是被动语态was opened
（后面的was rebuilt与其并列）；将原句修饰主语的定语成分first opened and then was rebuilt变为
句子谓语，改变了句子强调重心；who引导的修饰immigrants的定语从句与原句的分词后置定语
entering作用相同，但时间状语in the first quarter of the twentieth century所表达的是过去，应该用过
去时态who entered…。
(C) 句子主语是the federal immigration station，opened in 1892, being rebuilt in 1900两个并列的分
词结构只能作定语修饰主语，从而句子缺少谓语。
(D) 正确，句子句子主语是the federal immigration station，由两个过去分词定语修饰，谓语是
processed。
(E) 分词结构having first opened in 1892 and rebuilt in 1900距离其修饰对象主语the federal
immigration station太远，导致修饰不清，而且其结构也不正确，应用被动形式having been opened…；
of all immigrants…, the…station processed three quarter of them的表达不简洁。
考点：句子结构、动词形式、逻辑表达
句子结构，完整的句子要有主语和谓语，谓语动词的被动语态要完整，注意助动词be。
动词形式-时态（一般过去时），分词或不定式作定语时没有时态问题存在，但从句作定语时要注意
时态问题，与时间状语保持一致。
逻辑表达-维持原句强调重心，原句的定语或状语与谓语之间不能随意改变，以免导致句子的强调重
心改变。
逻辑表达-修饰，定语应该紧临其所修饰的名词或代词（如果前面有逗号隔开的插入语存在，可以跳
跃修饰插入语前面的名词或代词），否则容易产生修饰歧义；现在分词在句尾一般有两种功能：
作整个句子的伴随状语；作后置定语修饰紧临的名词。
111. (30445-!-item-!-188;#058&004235)
Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales, which have been some of the most frequently translated
works in literary history, while he wrote plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as several
autobiographies, which remained almost unknown outside his native Denmark.
(A) Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales, which have been some of the most frequently
translated works in literary history, while he wrote plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well
as several autobiographies, which remained
(B) Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales, which, while among the most frequently translated
works in literary history, his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as several
autobiographies remain
(C) Even as Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales have been among the most frequently translated
works in literary history, still his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as several
autobiographies, remain
(D) Unlike the fairy tales written by Hans Christian Andersen, which are some of the most frequently
translated works in literary history, he wrote plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as
several autobiographies, which remained
(E) Although Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales that are among the most frequently
translated works in literary history, his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as several
autobiographies, remain
句子结构：Although…, his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, …, remain almost unknown…
主语是plays, novels, poems, and travel books，系动词是remain，表语是unknown。that引导定语从
句修饰名词fairy tales（状语从句的宾语）。
考点：逻辑表达、比较、简洁有效
逻辑表达-修饰（定语从句），限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别（详见补充说明）
逻辑表达-合理的句子意思，注意分析原句所要表达的意思，选择适当的连词引导状语从句表达从句
与主句之间准确的逻辑关系，本题中注意区分although, even as, while的区别。
比较，unlike比较结构的对象要对等。
简洁有效，在表达“是最…之一”时用among the most…。
(A) which引导非限定性定语从句，在本句中不恰当，应该用that引导非限定性定语从句来修饰fairy
tales；while在句中表达的是“在…期间，当…时候”的意思，不符合逻辑。
(B) which引导的修饰fairy tales的定语从句缺少谓语动词，while位置错误，应该置于his plays前面。
(C) even as所表达的含义与原句不同，even as是“正当，恰好在…时候”，有at the same time的意思，
而原句表达的是让步转折含义；将原句定语从句内容fairy tales that…改变为句子谓语’s fairy tales
have been…，改变原句强调重心。
(D) Unlike的比较对象不对等（the fairy tales与he对比）；两个which修饰对象都不清楚；be some of
the most…的表达方式不如be among the most…准确。
(E) 正确，although引导让步状语从句，其主语是Han Christian Andersen，谓语是wrote，宾语是由
that引导的从语从句所修饰的名词fairy tales；整个句子的主语是his plays, novels, poems, and travel
books，系动词是remain。
补充说明：限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句
这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：
限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子
意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：
Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic
growth of the nationsin which they are located . 为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林
作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。
非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有
限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，
也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。
另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。例
如：
Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a
flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy . （此句中，非限定性
定语从句是对先行词 a sphere 进行补充、说明。）更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他
们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。
112. (30491-!-item-!-188;#058&004240)
Though certain breeds of dog are renowned for their sense of smell, there is often a greater
difference in scenting ability between two members of a single breed as there is between members
of different breeds.
(A) is often a greater difference in scenting ability between two members of a single breed as there
is
(B) is often more difference in scenting ability between two members of a single breed as to find
one
(C) is often a greater difference in scenting ability between two members of a single breed than
(D) are often greater differences in scenting ability between two members of a single breed as there
are
(E) are often greater differences in scenting ability between two members of a single breed than
there is
句子结构：there is often a greater difference… between… than between…
考点：比较、有效用词
比较，比较结构中的固定搭配包括：A as… as… or adj.er than B; A at least as adj.er as B。常见的
错误用法有：A as… or adj.er than B（少 as）; as…as compared to; as… than compared to; as…
than…；比较对象的主语和谓语相同时，在不影响句子意思理解的情况下，可以省略相同部分，
使句子更加简洁。
有效用词，difference 在表达 the way in which two people or things are not like each other; the way in
which sb/sth has changed“差别，差异；不同（之处）；变化（之处）”时即可用作可数名词，又
可用作不可数名词，注意谓语动词的单复数要保持一致。
(A) greater… as…搭配错误，应该是greater…than…；as后面的there is多余，可以省略不影响句子
理解。
(B) more… as…搭配错误，应该是more… than…，to find one比较对象不对等；one不能指代不可数
名词difference；
(C) 正确，greater difference between… than between…介词短语比较对象。
(D) difference在该选项中用作可数名词，所以用复数形式；greater… as…搭配错误，应该是great…
than…；than后面的there are多余，可以省略不影响句子理解。
(E) difference在该选项中用作可数名词，所以用复数形式；than后面的there is多余，可以省略不影
响句子理解，而且前面用复数are，后面用单数is，单复数也不一致。
补充说明：
one/ones（语法说明）： 用以避免重复可数名词，在正式谈话或书面语中，不应使用。不能用以取代
不可数名词，与抽象可数名词连用也很少见。
113. (30537-!-item-!-188;#058&004273)
Thunderclouds form when warm, moist air rises into cooler air above, because either the ground is
warmer than usually or because the interaction of two air masses, one warm and one cold, forces
warm air to rise.
(A) because either the ground is warmer than usually or because
(B) because either the ground is warmer than usual or because of
(C) because of either the ground being warmer than usual or because
(D) either because of the ground's being warmer than usually or because of
(E) either because the ground is warmer than usual or because
句子结构：Thunderclouds form when…, either because… or because…
主语是thunderclouds，谓语是form，when引导状语从句，后跟两个由because引导的并列原因状语
从句，由固定搭配either… or… 连接。
考点：平行、简洁有效
平行-从句，either… or…连接的并列结构形式要平行。
简洁有效，表示原因时用 because 引导从句的形式比用 because of 介词短语的方式更有效，因为动
词表达的意思比名词更准确。
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