[python]关于[[a]] * b的坑

关于[[a]] * b的坑

首先，我们都知道，python里可以这样生成一个列表：

>>> [ 0 ] * 5
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
>>> 

有一天，我写出了这样一句代码出来：

>>> [[0]] * 5
[[0], [0], [0], [0], [0]]
>>>

看起来没问题？但请注意，they all point to the same object.
也就是说，这种生成方式对于整数之类的常量很cool，但对于list之类的东西却很不友好，可能会发生如下的情况：

>>> a = [[0]] * 5
>>> a
[[0], [0], [0], [0], [0]]

>>> a[0][0]=1
>>> a
[[1], [1], [1], [1], [1]]
>>>

官方文档是这样说的：

---

Note also that the copies are shallow; nested structures are not copied. This often haunts new Python programmers; consider:

>>> lists = [[]] * 3
>>> lists
[[], [], []]
>>> lists[0].append(3)
>>> lists
[[3], [3], [3]]

What has happened is that [[]] is a one-element list containing an empty list, so all three elements of [[]] * 3 are (pointers to) this single empty list. Modifying any of the elements of lists modifies this single list. You can create a list of different lists this way:

>>> lists = [[] for i in range(3)]
>>> lists[0].append(3)
>>> lists[1].append(5)
>>> lists[2].append(7)
>>> lists
[[3], [5], [7]]

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也就是说matrix = [array] * 3操作中，只是创建3个指向array的引用，所以一旦array改变，matrix中3个list也会随之改变。

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那么，如何正确生成呢？用列表生成式：

>>> b = [[0] for i in range(5)]
>>> b
[[0], [0], [0], [0], [0]]
>>> b[0][0] = 1
>>> b
[[1], [0], [0], [0], [0]]
>>>

看起来挺简单的坑，但我还是踩了。。。惭愧，所以记录下来