冷知识：SSD或U盘或FLASH闪存要温度高通电使用，温度低断电保存，数据才能更久不丢失！

SSD或U盘或FLASH闪存，通电使用时温度在50多度，断电保存时温度在25度以下，数据才能断电多年不丢失！

当然太热的话，肯定也不好，SSD一般会有热保护吧，过热的话会降频降速，以减少热量，一般可能70度以上就会降吧。如果过热保护没做好的话确实会有掉盘的问题。

翻译的文章如下：

https://www.anandtech.com/show/9248/the-truth-about-ssd-data-retention

The Truth About SSD Data Retention

by Kristian Vättö on May 13, 2015 3:42 PM EST

In the past week, quite a few media outlets have posted articles claiming that SSDs will lose data in a matter of days if left unpowered. While there is some (read: very, very little) truth to that, it has created a lot of chatter and confusion in forums and even I have received a few questions about the validity of the claims, so rather than responding to individual emails/tweets from people who want to know more, I thought I would explain the matter in depth to everyone at once.      过去一周，相当多的媒体发表文章称，如果没有电源，SSD将在几天内丢失数据。虽然这有一些（读起来：非常、非常少）真相，但它在论坛上制造了大量的闲聊和混乱，甚至我也收到了一些关于这些说法有效性的问题，因此，我想我不会回复那些想了解更多信息的人发来的个人电子邮件/推特，而是会立即向所有人深入解释这件事。

First of all, the presentation everyone is talking about can be found here. Unlike some sites reported, it's not a presentation from Seagate -- it's an official JEDEC presentation from Alvin Cox, the Chairman of JC-64.8 subcommittee (i.e. SSD committee) at the time, meaning that it's supposed to act as an objective source of information for all SSD vendors. It is, however, correct that Mr. Cox works as a Senior Staff Engineer at Seagate, but that is irrelevant because the whole purpose of JEDEC is to bring manufacturers together to develop open standards. The committee members and chairmen are all working for some company and currently the JC-64.8 subcommittee is lead by Frank Chu from HGST.   首先，大家都在谈论的演讲可以在这里找到。与一些报道的网站不同，这不是希捷的演示文稿，而是当时JC-64.8小组委员会（即SSD委员会）主席阿尔文·考克斯（AlvinCox）的JEDEC官方演示文稿，这意味着它应该作为所有SSD供应商的客观信息来源。   然而，考克斯先生是希捷的高级职员工程师，这是正确的，但这并不重要，因为JEDEC的全部目的是将制造商聚集在一起，制定开放标准。  委员会成员和主席都为某家公司工作，目前JC-64.8小组委员会由HGST的Frank Chu领导。

Before we go into the actual data retention topic, let's outline the situation by focusing on the conditions that must be met when the manufacturer is determining the endurance rating for an SSD. First off, the drive must maintain its capacity, meaning that it cannot retire so many blocks that the user capacity would decrease. Secondly, the drive must meet the required UBER (number of data errors per number of bits read) spec as well as be within the functional failure requirement. Finally, the drive must retain data without power for a set amount of time to meet the JEDEC spec. Note that all these must be conditions must be met when the maximum number of data has been written i.e. if a drive is rated at 100TB, it must meet these specs after 100TB of writes.     在进入实际的数据保留主题之前，让我们先通过关注制造商确定SSD的耐久性等级时必须满足的条件来概述情况。  首先，驱动器必须保持其容量，这意味着它不能使用太多的块，从而导致用户容量下降。  其次，驱动器必须满足所需的UBER（每读取位数的数据错误数）规范，并且在功能故障要求范围内。   最后，驱动器必须在断电的情况下保留数据一段设定的时间，以满足JEDEC规范。   请注意，在写入最大数据数时，必须满足所有这些条件，即如果驱动器的额定容量为100TB，则在写入100TB后，必须满足这些规范。

The table above summarizes the requirements for both client and enterprise SSDs. As we can see, the data retention requirement for a client SSD is one-year at 30°C, which is above typical room temperature. The retention does depend on the temperature, so let's take a closer look of how the retention scales with temperature.    上表总结了客户和企业SSD的要求。正如我们所看到的，客户端SSD的数据保留要求在30°C温度下为一年，这高于典型的室温。保留率确实取决于温度，所以让我们仔细看看保留率是如何随温度变化的。

EDIT: Note that the data in the table above is based on material sent by Intel, not Seagate.

At 40°C active and 30°C power off temperature, a client SSD is set to retain data for 52 weeks i.e. one year. As the table shows, the data retention is proportional to active temperature and inversely proportional to power off temperature, meaning that a higher power off temperature will result in decreased retention. In a worst case scenario where the active temperature is only 25-30°C and power off is 55°C, the data retention can be as short as one week, which is what many sites have touted with their "data loss in matter of days" claims. Yes, it can technically happen, but not in typical client environment.        在40°C激活温度（通电使用）和30°C断电温度下，客户端SSD设置为将数据保留52周，即一年。如表所示，数据保留率与活动温度成正比，与断电温度成反比，这意味着断电温度越高，保留率越低。在活动温度仅为25-30°C、断电温度为55°C的最坏情况下，数据保留时间可能短至一周，这正是许多网站所吹嘘的“几天内数据丢失”的说法。是的，从技术上讲，这是可能发生的，但在典型的客户端环境中不会发生。

In reality power off temperature of 55°C is not realistic at all for a client user because the drive will most likely be stored somewhere in the house (closet, basement, garage etc.) in room temperature, which tends to be below 30°C.    Active temperature, on the other hand, is usually at least 40°C because the drive and other components in the system generate heat that puts the temperature over room temperature.    事实上，对于客户端用户来说，55°C的断电温度根本不现实，因为驱动器很可能在室温下存储在房子的某个地方（衣柜、地下室、车库等），而室温往往低于30°C。另一方面，激活温度通常至少为40°C，因为系统中的磁盘驱动器和其他部件产生的热量使温度超过室温。

As always, there is a technical explanation to the data retention scaling. The conductivity of a semiconductor scales with temperature, which is bad news for NAND because when it's unpowered the electrons are not supposed to move as that would change the charge of the cell. In other words, as the temperature increases, the electrons escape the floating gate faster that ultimately changes the voltage state of the cell and renders data unreadable (i.e. the drive no longer retains data).     与往常一样，对数据保留扩展有一个技术解释。半导体的电导率随温度而变化，这对NAND来说是个坏消息，因为当它没有动力时，电子不应该移动，因为这会改变电池的电荷。换言之，随着温度的升高，电子更快地逃离浮栅，从而最终改变电池的电压状态并使数据无法读取（即驱动器不再保留数据）。

For active use the temperature has the opposite effect. Because higher temperature makes the silicon more conductive, the flow of current is higher during program/erase operation and causes less stress on the tunnel oxide, improving the endurance of the cell because endurance is practically limited by tunnel oxide's ability to hold the electrons inside the floating gate.     对于主动使用，温度具有相反的效果。由于温度越高，硅的导电性越强，编程/擦除操作期间的电流越大，对隧道氧化物产生的应力越小，从而提高了电池的耐久性，因为耐久性实际上受到隧道氧化物将电子保持在浮栅内的能力的限制。

All in all, there is absolutely zero reason to worry about SSD data retention in typical client environment. Remember that the figures presented here are for a drive that has already passed its endurance rating, so for new drives the data retention is considerably higher, typically over ten years for MLC NAND based SSDs. If you buy a drive today and stash it away, the drive itself will become totally obsolete quicker than it will lose its data. Besides, given the cost of SSDs, it's not cost efficient to use them for cold storage anyway, so if you're looking to archive data I would recommend going with hard drives for cost reasons alone.    总之，在典型的客户端环境中，完全没有理由担心SSD数据保留问题。请记住，此处显示的数字是针对已经通过耐久性评级的驱动器的，因此对于新驱动器，数据保留率要高得多，对于基于MLC NAND的SSD，通常超过十年。如果您今天购买了一个驱动器并将其隐藏起来，那么驱动器本身将很快完全过时，而不会丢失数据。此外，考虑到SSD的成本，无论如何将其用于冷存储是不划算的，因此，如果您希望归档数据，我建议您仅出于成本原因使用硬盘。