Paper reading (十四)：Pre- and probiotic overview

论文题目：Pre- and probiotic overview

scholar 引用：15

页数：6

发表时间：2018.08

发表刊物：Current Opinion in Pharmacology

作者：Cesare Cremon, Maria Raffaella Barbaro, Marco Ventura and Giovanni Barbara

摘要：The dynamic relationship between gut microbiota and its human host is also known as a trophic association that might range from commensalism(共生), where only the microbe enjoys a positive effect from the relationship, to intestinal symbiosis(肠道共生) where both host and microbe benefit from their interaction. In the last years, we have started to understand how alterations of the gut(肠道) microbiota(微生物群) composition leading to the disruption(扰乱，打乱) of host-microbial interactions are associated and/or predispose(倾向) individuals to disease conditions ranging from inflammatory(炎症性的) bowel(肠) diseases to allergy(过敏症) and functional gastrointestinal(胃肠的) disorders, such as irritable(过敏的) bowel syndrome.(这个句子也太长了，感觉不符合SCI writing吧。。。然后光肠相关的词就有4个。。。)While we await important insights in this field, the microbiota is already a therapeutic target. Based on the actual definitions, prebiotics(益生元，益菌生) are defined as substrates(基底) that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms(微生物) conferring a health benefit, while probiotics(益生菌，原生菌) are live microorganisms that, when administered in adquate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Although their health promoting activities encompasses numerous effects, including immunostimulation(免疫刺激), competitive exclusion of pathogens(病原体，病原菌), and gut barrier enhancement, the exact mechanism of action by which these compunds exert(运用，发挥) their beneficial actions in humans is only partially known. In this review, we highlight the current insights into the clinical applications of prebiotics and probiotics in gastroenterology(肠胃病学).

益生元Prebiotics ：益生元是人工模拟母乳中的低聚糖，能直接到达肠道，它就像是有益菌的食物，促进人体肠道内有益菌的生长，同时抑制有害菌的繁殖，从而达到调节肠道菌群平衡。

益生菌Probiotics ：益生菌是一个总称，种类很多，它们是对人体有益的细菌，却不是人体自身体内的。对人体的作用也各有不同，可以直接通过体外添加来增加人体内某种有益菌的数量，从而调节肠道菌群平衡。

结论：

• A health host is in a state of equilibrium(均衡) with its gut commensal microbes.
• A disruption of the intestinal homeostasis is the outcome of a disturbance of the host–microbiota balance.
• 肠道菌群在健康和疾病学中越来越重要，尤其是儿童的肠胃疾病感染治疗中，预防抗生素相关性腹泻，预防幽门杆菌抗生素治疗的副作用，益生元和益生菌在肠道疾病中的角色被认为是promising但并未完全明确，需要更多的well-designed randomized临床实验来研究清楚。

Introduction：

• 肠道菌群在人类进化过程中扮演了重要的角色。
• 宏基因组学和文化组学的方法都被用于研究人类菌群的组成。
• 肠菌群在baby出生的时候就通过母体直接获取，比如说母乳喂养的baby的肠道菌群就会比牛奶喂养的baby的菌群多样。
• 肠菌群可能跟炎症性肠道疾病、过敏性肠道疾病、过敏症、肥胖症等有关。
• 这篇review将讨论益生元的角色，通过给胃肠道微生物群带来积极的作用而有利于人体健康。
• 益生菌当数量足够时，能有益健康，利于管理肠道功能紊乱。

正文组织架构：

1.  Introduction

2.  Prebiotics: mechanisms of action and clinical implications

3.  Probiotics: mechanisms of action and clinical implications

4.  Future perspectives and conclusions

正文部分内容摘录：

• Over 20 years ago, the best studied compounds in this prebiotic category were fructans(果聚糖) and galactans(半乳体糖)
• prebiotic：a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit
• high-throughput sequencing technologies confirm the selectivity of the prebiotic fermentation(发酵).
• 近期研究表明，bifidobacteria（双歧杆菌）和lactobacilli（乳酸杆菌）有益健康。
• prebiotic被发现跟好多疾病有关。。。这都是怎么证明的呢？感觉有一些关联很难确认吧？就是觉得人体系统很复杂。。。
• 1908年，Russian Nobel laureate Elie Metchnikoff发现摄入发酵的食物，尤其是乳酸菌，有利于人体健康，可以促进长寿。
• 益生菌或许可以阻止致病菌的繁殖。
• probiotics exert their beneficial actions in humans is only partially known, since these aspects have been evaluated mainly in preclinical studies or in small sample size trials, and the molecular mechanisms remain largely obscure。
• 
• probiotic manufacturers should register their strains with an international depository
• 酸奶也是对小孩和成人都是有益的。妈咪爱这种益生菌也的确是推荐在小孩腹泻的时候吃的。
• 酸奶对乳糖不耐受好像也有帮助。
• 一直在提the evidence is controversial