GEE 遥感特征指数谐波分析 以Sentinel-2 NDVI为例（含完整代码链接）

谐波分析（Harmonic Regression）是常用的云缺失填补方法， 它是一种频域时序列分析，从原始时间序列数据的正弦和余弦函数重构周期/季节性波。对遥感特征指数使用谐波分析，有利于反映特征的周期性。
以Sentinel-2数据的NDVI指数为例，进行谐波分析。
首先加载Sentinel-2数据。

var dataset_s2 = ee.ImageCollection('COPERNICUS/S2')
    .filterBounds(roi_cm).filter(ee.Filter.date(startDate, endDate))
    .filter(ee.Filter.lt('CLOUDY_PIXEL_PERCENTAGE', 100))

Sentinel-2影像去云函数。QA60波段按位存储像元含云量信息，根据该波段可去掉有云像元。

function rmCloudByQA(image) { 
  var qa = image.select('QA60'); 
  var cloudBitMask = 1 << 10; 
  var cirrusBitMask = 1 << 11; 
  var mask = qa.bitwiseAnd(cloudBitMask).eq(0) 
              .and(qa.bitwiseAnd(cirrusBitMask).eq(0)); 
  return image.updateMask(mask); 
} 

Sentinel-2影像添加变量波段函数。根据研究需要，对数据添加计算得到的NDVI等特征。

var addVariables = function(image) {
  // Compute time in fractional years since the epoch.
  
  var date = ee.Date(image.get(timeField));
  // var date = ee.Number(image.get('doy'));
  var years = date.difference(ee.Date('1970-01-01'), 'year');

  return image
    // Add an NDVI band.
    .addBands(image.normalizedDifference(['B8', 'B4']).rename('NDVI')).float()
    // //Add an NDBI band.
    .addBands(image.normalizedDifference(['B6', 'B4']).rename('NDBI')).float()
  //Add an MNDWI band.
    .addBands(image.normalizedDifference(['B3', 'B8']).rename('MNDWI')).float()
    //Add an MNDWI band.
    // .addBands(image.normalizedDifference(['B8', 'B12']).rename('LSWI')).float()
  // //   // Add a time band.
    .addBands(ee.Image(years).rename('t').float())
    // Add a constant band.
    .addBands(ee.Image.constant(1));
};

Sentinel-2数据调用去云函数与添加变量波段函数，先去云再计算特征变量。

var imgCol_s2=dataset_s2.map(rmCloudByQA).map(addVariables);

谐波分析，有一些计算，可以参照公式阅读。

//  /*----------------谐波-------------*\

var dependent = ee.String('NDVI');

var harmonicIndependents = ee.List(['constant', 't', 'cos', 'sin']);
var filteredLandsat = imgCol_s2
// Add harmonic terms as new image bands.
var harmonicLandsat = filteredLandsat.map(function(image) {
  var timeRadians = image.select('t').multiply(2 * Math.PI);
  return image
    .addBands(timeRadians.cos().rename('cos'))
    .addBands(timeRadians.sin().rename('sin'));
});

// The output of the regression reduction is a 4x1 array image.
var harmonicTrend = harmonicLandsat
  .select(harmonicIndependents.add(dependent))
  .reduce(ee.Reducer.linearRegression(harmonicIndependents.length(), 1));

// Turn the array image into a multi-band image of coefficients.
var harmonicTrendCoefficients = harmonicTrend.select('coefficients')
  .arrayProject([0])
  .arrayFlatten([harmonicIndependents]);

// Compute fitted values.
var fittedHarmonic = harmonicLandsat.map(function(image) {
  return image
  .addBands(
    image.select(harmonicIndependents)
      .multiply(harmonicTrendCoefficients)
      .reduce('sum')//聚合的简单统计量
      .rename('fittedNDVI')
  );
});
print('fittedHarmonic',fittedHarmonic.getInfo());

控制台统计图展示

print(ui.Chart.image.series(
  fittedHarmonic.select(['NDVI','fittedNDVI']), roi_test, ee.Reducer.mean(), 10)
    .setSeriesNames(['NDVI','fittedNDVI'])
    .setOptions({
      title: 'Time Series of Paddy Rice',
      lineWidth: 1,
      pointSize: 3,
}));

效果展示
完整代码链接：GEE 谐波分析 以Sentinel-2 NDVI为例
https://code.earthengine.google.com/bc139ae44b9deeb3e4190544179fe0c3