I/O Routines 输入/输出API函数

最新推荐文章于 2022-03-20 01:21:19 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-03-20 01:21:19 发布

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分类专栏： C++&C 文章标签： api stream file character descriptor buffer

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Input and Output

The I/O functions read and write data to and from files and devices. File I/O operations take place in text mode or binary mode. The Microsoft run-time library has three types of I/O functions:

Stream I/O functions treat data as a stream of individual characters.

Low-level I/O functions invoke the operating system directly for lower-level operation than that provided by stream I/O.

Console and port I/O functions read or write directly to a console (keyboard and screen) or an I/O port (such as a printer port).

Warning Because stream functions are buffered and low-level functions are not, these two types of functions are generally incompatible. For processing a particular file, use either stream or low-level functions exclusively.

Low-level I/O

These functions invoke the operating system directly for lower-level operation than that provided by stream I/O. Low-level input and output calls do not buffer or format data.

这些函数直接访问操作系统进行低级别的操作，而不像流式输入输出。低级输入输出对数据不进行缓冲或格式化。

Low-level routines can access the standard streams opened at program startup using the following predefined handles:

Stream	Handle
stdin	0
stdout	1
stderr	2

Low-level I/O routines set the errno global variable when an error occurs. You must include STDIO.H when you use low-level functions only if your program requires a constant that is defined in STDIO.H, such as the end-of-file indicator (EOF).

Low-Level I/O Functions

Function	Use
_close	Close file
_commit	Flush file to disk
_creat, _wcreat	Create file
_dup	Return next available file handle for given file
_dup2	Create second handle for given file
_eof	Test for end of file
_lseek, _lseeki64	Reposition file pointer to given location
_open, _wopen	Open file
_read	Read data from file
_sopen, _wsopen	Open file for file sharing
_tell, _telli64	Get current file-pointer position
_umask	Set file-permission mask
_write	Write data to file

_dup and _dup2 are typically used to associate the predefined file handles with different files.

Stream I/O

These functions process data in different sizes and formats, from single characters to large data structures. They also provide buffering, which can improve performance. The default size of a stream buffer is 4K. These routines affect only buffers created by the run-time library routines, and have no effect on buffers created by the operating system.

Stream I/O Routines

Routine	Use
clearerr	Clear error indicator for stream
fclose	Close stream
_fcloseall	Close all open streams except stdin, stdout, and stderr
_fdopen, wfdopen	Associate stream with handle to open file
feof	Test for end of file on stream
ferror	Test for error on stream
fflush	Flush stream to buffer or storage device
fgetc, fgetwc	Read character from stream (function versions of getc and getwc)
_fgetchar, _fgetwchar	Read character from stdin (function versions of getchar and getwchar)
fgetpos	Get position indicator of stream
fgets, fgetws	Read string from stream
_fileno	Get file handle associated with stream
_flushall	Flush all streams to buffer or storage device
fopen, _wfopen	Open stream
fprintf, fwprintf	Write formatted data to stream
fputc, fputwc	Write a character to a stream (function versions of putc and putwc)
_fputchar, _fputwchar	Write character to stdout (function versions of putchar and putwchar)
fputs, fputws	Write string to stream
fread	Read unformatted data from stream
freopen, _wfreopen	Reassign FILE stream pointer to new file or device
fscanf, fwscanf	Read formatted data from stream
fseek	Move file position to given location
fsetpos	Set position indicator of stream
_fsopen, _wfsopen	Open stream with file sharing
ftell	Get current file position
fwrite	Write unformatted data items to stream
getc, getwc	Read character from stream (macro versions of fgetc and fgetwc)
getchar, getwchar	Read character from stdin (macro versions of fgetchar and fgetwchar)
gets, getws	Read line from stdin
_getw	Read binary int from stream
printf, wprintf	Write formatted data to stdout
putc, putwc	Write character to a stream (macro versions of fputc and fputwc)
putchar, putwchar	Write character to stdout (macro versions of fputchar and fputwchar)
puts, _putws	Write line to stream
_putw	Write binary int to stream
rewind	Move file position to beginning of stream
_rmtmp	Remove temporary files created by tmpfile
scanf, wscanf	Read formatted data from stdin
setbuf	Control stream buffering
_setmaxstdio	Set a maximum for the number of simultaneously open files at the stream I/O level.
setvbuf	Control stream buffering and buffer size
_snprintf, _snwprintf	Write formatted data of specified length to string
sprintf, swprintf	Write formatted data to string
sscanf, swscanf	Read formatted data from string
_tempnam, _wtempnam	Generate temporary filename in given directory
tmpfile	Create temporary file
tmpnam, _wtmpnam	Generate temporary filename
ungetc, ungetwc	Push character back onto stream
vfprintf, vfwprintf	Write formatted data to stream
vprintf, vwprintf	Write formatted data to stdout
_vsnprintf, _vsnwprintf	Write formatted data of specified length to buffer
vsprintf, vswprintf	Write formatted data to buffer

When a program begins execution, the startup code automatically opens several streams: standard input (pointed to by stdin), standard output (pointed to by stdout), and standard error (pointed to by stderr). These streams are directed to the console (keyboard and screen) by default. Use freopen to redirect stdin, stdout, or stderr to a disk file or a device.

Files opened using the stream routines are buffered by default. The stdout and stderr functions are flushed whenever they are full or, if you are writing to a character device, after each library call. If a program terminates abnormally, output buffers may not be flushed, resulting in loss of data. Use fflush or _flushall to ensure that the buffer associated with a specified file or all open buffers are flushed to the operating system, which can cache data before writing it to disk. The commit-to-disk feature ensures that the flushed buffer contents are not lost in the event of a system failure.

There are two ways to commit buffer contents to disk:

Link with the file COMMODE.OBJ to set a global commit flag. The default setting of the global flag is n, for “no-commit.”
Set the mode flag to c with fopen or _fdopen.

Any file specifically opened with either the c or the n flag behaves according to the flag, regardless of the state of the global commit/no-commit flag.

If your program does not explicitly close a stream, the stream is automatically closed when the program terminates. However, you should close a stream when your program finishes with it, as the number of streams that can be open at one time is limited. See _setmaxstdio for information on this limit.

Input can follow output directly only with an intervening call to fflush or to a file-positioning function (fseek, fsetpos, or rewind). Output can follow input without an intervening call to a file-positioning function if the input operation encounters the end of the file.

以下摘自：http://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/programming_books/gnu_libc_guide/Low_002dLevel-I_002fO.html

Stream-level I/O is more flexible and usually more convenient; therefore, programmers generally use the descriptor-level functions only when necessary. These are some of the usual reasons:

For reading binary files in large chunks.
For reading an entire file into core before parsing it.
To perform operations other than data transfer, which can only be done with a descriptor. (You can use fileno to get the descriptor corresponding to a stream.)
To pass descriptors to a child process. (The child can create its own stream to use a descriptor that it inherits, but cannot inherit a stream directly.)