Peripherals and busses
Peripherals are any of the many external devices that connect to your computer. Obviously, the processor must have some way of talking to the peripherals to make them useful.
The communication channel between the processor and the peripherals is called a bus. The devices directly connected to the processor use a type of bus called Peripheral Component Interconnect, commonly referred to as PCI.
PCI Bus
PCI transfers data between the device and memory, but importantly allows for the automatic configuration of attached peripherals. The configuration broadly falls into two categories
Interrupts
An interrupt allows the device to literally interrupt the processor to flag some information. For example, when a key is pressed, an interrupt is generated and delivered to the CPU. An interrupt (called the IRQ) is assigned to the device on system boot by the system BIOS.
When the device wants to interrupt, it will signal to the processor via raising the voltage of interrupt pins. The processor will acknowledge the interrupt, and pass the IRQ onto the operating system. This part of the operating system code is called the interrupt handler.
The interrupt handler knows what to do with the interrupt as when each device driver initialises it will register its self with the kernel to accept the interrupt from the peripheral it is written for. So as the interrupt arrives it is passed to the driver which can deal with the information from the device correctly.
Most drivers will spilt up handling of interrupts into bottom and top halves. The bottom half will acknowledge the interrupt and return the processor to what it was doing quickly. The top half will then run later when the CPU is free and do the more intensive processing. This is to stop an interrupt hogging the entire CPU.
IO Space
Obviously the processor will need to communicate with the peripheral device, and it does this via IO operations. The most common form of IO is so called memory mapped IO where registers on the device are mapped into memory.
This means that to communicate with the device, you need simply read or write to a specific address in memory. TODO: expand
DMA
Since the speed of devices is far below the speed of processors, there needs to be some way to avoid making the CPU wait around for data from devices.
Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a method of transferring data directly between an peripheral and system RAM.
The driver can setup a device to do a DMA transfer by giving it the area of RAM to put it's data into. It can then start the DMA transfer and allow the CPU to continue with other tasks.
Once the device is finished, it will raise an interrupt and signal to the driver the transfer is complete. From this time the data from the device (say a file from a disk, or frames from a video capture card) is in memory and ready to be used.
Other Busses
Other busses connect between the PCI bus and external devices. Some you will have heard of
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USB/Firewire for small external data devices.
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IDE/SCSI for disk drives.
the oringinal link: http://bottomupcs.sourceforge.net/csbu/x1645.htm
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