C++ 抽象数据类型 纯虚函数

在抽象类中，接口表示一种概念(如形状)而不是具体的对象(如圆)。
在C++中，抽象类只能用作其他类的基类，不能创建抽象类的实例。
一、纯虚函数
    C++通过提供纯虚函数来支持创建抽象类。通过初始化虚函数为0，来将其声明为纯虚的：
    virtual void Draw () = 0;
    在这个例子中，类有一个Draw函数，但其实现为空，因此不能被调用。
    只要任何一个函数被声明为纯虚函数，这个类就是抽象类。
    将纯虚函数放在类中，需做到两点；
    1 不要创建这个类的对象，而应从其派生
    2 务必覆盖这个类继承的所有纯虚函数
二、实现纯虚函数
       有时候需要从抽象类派生出其他抽象类，比如Animal类可能派生出Mammal类和Fish类。哺乳类Mammal的繁殖方式都一样，需要实现reproduce类，而表留eat，sleep和move类为纯虚函数。

#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; typedef int HANDS; enum COLOR {Red, Green, Blue, Yellow, White, Black, Brown}; class CAnimal { public: CAnimal(int age){itsAge = age;cout<< "animal constructor" <<endl;} virtual ~CAnimal(){cout<< "animal destructor" <<endl;} virtual void setAge(int age){itsAge = age;} virtual int getAge() const{return itsAge;} virtual void sleep() const = 0; virtual void eat() const = 0; virtual void reproduce() const = 0; virtual void move() const = 0; virtual void speak() const = 0; private: int itsAge; }; class CMammal:public CAnimal { public: CMammal(int age):CAnimal(age){cout<< "mammal constructor" <<endl;} virtual ~CMammal(){cout<< "mammal destructor" <<endl;} virtual void reproduce() const{cout<< "mammal reproduce depicted" <<endl;} }; /// class CFish: public CAnimal { public: CFish(int age):CAnimal(age){cout<< "fish constructor" <<endl;} virtual ~CFish(){cout<< "fish destructor" <<endl;} virtual void sleep() const {cout<< "fish snoring..." <<endl;} virtual void eat() const {cout<< "fish feeding..." <<endl;} virtual void reproduce() const{cout<< "fish laying eggs..." <<endl;} virtual void move() const{cout<< "fish swimming ..." <<endl;} virtual void speak() const{cout<< "fish speak..." <<endl;} }; /// class CHorse: public CMammal { public: CHorse(COLOR color, int age):CMammal(age) {itsColor = color; cout<< "horse constructor" <<endl;} virtual ~CHorse(){cout<< "horse destructor" <<endl;} virtual void speak() const {cout<< "horse whinny..." <<endl;} virtual void eat() const {cout<< "horse fedding..." <<endl;} virtual void move() const {cout<< "horse running..." <<endl;} virtual void sleep() const {cout<< "horse snoring..." <<endl;} virtual COLOR getColor() const{return itsColor;} private: COLOR itsColor; }; int main() { CAnimal *pFish = NULL; CAnimal *pHorse = NULL; pHorse = new CHorse(Black, 4); pHorse->speak(); pHorse->eat(); pHorse->reproduce(); pHorse->move(); pHorse->sleep(); cout<<" this horse's age is " <<pHorse->getAge()<<endl; delete pHorse; pFish = new CFish(5); pFish->speak(); pFish->eat(); pFish->reproduce(); pFish->move(); pFish->sleep(); cout<<" this horse's age is " <<pFish->getAge()<<endl; delete pFish; return 0; }