English Writing Note

摘要

Introduction:

1. In recent years, with advances in remote sensing data acquisition technologies and the increased demand for remote sensing applications, high spatial resolution remote sensing data is steadily becoming more widespread.
2. However, it has not yet been quantitatively verified, although consensus appears to have been achieved amongst numerous researchers.
3. Over almost the last twenty years, the remote sensing community has undertaken considerable efforts to promote the use of object-based technology for land-cover mapping.
4. To deal with these uncertainties, many researchers have devised supervised object-based classification methods that are specifically adapted to individual study areas, which are further compared with existing methods and processes, thereby validating their applicability.
5. To do this, it is necessary to synthesize the collective knowledge on this topic, as opposed to using individual experience and expertise.
6. One of the most appealing aspects of MODIS data is its unique combination of spectral, spatial, radiometric, and temporal resolutions; which are considered to be substantially improved over other similar observation systems.
7. The experiment was designed for examining the classification performance using relatively small training samples. We focused on the impact of training sample sizes ranging from 20 to 800 pixels per class using randomly selected samples from a large pool of training data points.
8. We draw on diverse recent research for guidance on assessing fire effects on vegetation and soil using field methods, remote sensing and models.
9. The fire disturbance continuum discriminates between discrete temporal phases during which fire processes occur.
10. Coupled with a growing demand for wood products and environmental services, increasing rates of natural disturbances such as fire and climate change has highlighted technical and scientific gaps in managing for the persistence of the Siberian Larch forest.

Study Area

In this study, we selected five forest fires in the western United States as study areas (Figure 1). The Bear Fire, located in the Southwest of United States, had scorched more than 18.62 km${}^2$ in the Dinosaur National Monument from 27 June 2002 to 4 July 2002. This area belongs to the Highland (alpine) climate and its elevation varies between 1700 and 2740 m. The Precipitation is less than 30 cm per year. The main land covers are trees, shrubs, and grasses. The predominant vegetation are ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, followed by willows, boxelder, narrow-leaf cottonwood, big sagebrush, rubber rabbit brush, service berry, black grease wood, and so on.

分析

1. As time since fire progresses, the relative differences in fire severity, and their spatial pattern, will change.

Inclusion

Therefore, the SVR-based mapping method with better generalization performance should be recommended in future research of burn severity of forest fires.

equivocate 说模棱两可的话；支吾， 躲闪；推诿；含糊其词

a great deal of，a great mount of，a bit of这些限定词只能与不可数名词搭配。

on the increase 正在增加，正在增长 on the move 在活动中，在进行中；四处奔波 on the run 在逃；奔波；跑着 on the go 忙个不停，四处奔走 at table 在餐桌边，在进餐 in/at church 做礼拜 on the nose 正好，恰恰 hand in hand 手拉手地；联合 day by day 一天天；逐日 face to face 面对面 heart and soul 全心全意地 side by side 并肩；一起；并排 step by step 逐步地 from time to time 不时；有时 time after time 不断地；反复；屡次 time and time again 一次又一次；多次，不断地

(1) at hand, on hand, at the hands of

at hand 表地点，意为“在近处”；表时间，意为“快到了”

on hand 常用于抽象意义，意为“手边（有…）”，“手头（有）”

at the hands of 意为“在…手上”，常用于贬义

（3）at bottom, at the bottom of

at bottom “本质上”，“实际上”（= really, basically）

at the bottom of 本义为“在…的下方”；转义为“在…的幕后”

（4）by sea, by the sea

by sea 意为“用水运”；by the sea 意为“乘”

（5）by day/night, by the day/night

by day/night 在白天/晚上

by the day/night 按日（或按时）计价

（6）beyond (all) question, beside the question

beyond (all) question 毫无疑问，不成问题

beside the question 不关正题，走题

（7）in question, out of the question

in question 谈论中的，成问题

out of the question 不可能，毋庸置疑

(8) in charge of, in the charge of

in charge of 管理…

in the charge of 由…负责管理

（9）in office, in the office

in office 在职，当权

in the office 在办公室里

（10）in place of, in the place of

in place of 替代

in the place of 在…地方

（11）in possession of, in the possession of

in possession of 拥有

in the possession of 为某某所有

（12）in front, in front of, in the front of, at the front

in front 在前，带头

in front of 在…的前面

in the front of 在某物的…的前部

at the front 在前线

（13）in case, in case of, in the case of

in case 引导从句时，意为“如果”，“万一发生某事”；如果出现在句尾，意为“以防万一”，“以防发生某种情况”

in case of 后跟名词，意为“如果发生某事”

in the case of 就某某的情况来说

Go + -ing: We use go + -ing form when we speak about general activities that involve movement.
Go + complement: We use go + an adjective (complement) to describe changes to the state of things.
Go and, come and …: In speaking, we often use and after go and come before the base form of verbs like ask, buy, check, collect, do, find, get.

The get-passive has two structures: get + adjective and get + past participle.
Get + adjective：The verb get can be followed by some adjectives to express the idea of change or becoming something. We can talk about the weather getting hot or getting cold, for instance. A person can also get dressed up, get nervous, get hungry, get rich or get sick.
Get + past participle: They include such verbs as break, eat, choose and marry.

caveats 注意事项 of note is that 值得注意的是 noting that 注意到
for sure 一定，保准
be on par with 与…同等，与…相提并论 be in line with 符合；与…一致
in the wake of 紧紧跟随；随着…而来；作为…的结果；仿效
suggest that 暗示 this means that 这就是说; 这意味着
as of… 自……起；到…时候为止
In all honesty 坦率地说
It is a case in point. 这就是一个恰当的例子。
in a bid to 为了，力求，试图
pull out all the stops 全力以赴
on the premise of 在…前提下
in light of 鉴于 as for 关于，至于
as the barometer of 作为…的晴雨表
back up 支持
play a big part in 在…方面起很大的作用

连词：
thus 从而，因此 thereby 从而，因此 therefore 因此；所以 hence 因此，今后 due to 由于，归因于 because 因为，由于 now that 既然; 由于 yet (conj.) 但是；然而 (adv.) 还；但是；已经 furthermore 此外；而且 rather than 而不是；宁可…也不愿 for example 例如 afterwards 后来；然后 subsequently 随后，其后；后来 to date 至今；迄今为止 namely 也就是；即是；换句话说 from hand to mouth 仅能糊口地

“提出”：propose 提出 present 提出；呈现 put forward 提出 come up with 提出，想出 illuminate 阐明

“利用”：(1) 动词 employ 利用，采用，使用 exploit 利用，使用 utilize 利用 capitalize on 利用，使用 do with 利用，处理，需要 avail (oneself) of 利用 make use of 利用，使用 take advantage of 利用 take full advantage of 充分利用 apply 应用 leverage 利用 draw on 利用 (2) 名词 utilization 利用

“实施”：conduct 实施，进行 implement 实施，执行；实现，使生效 perform 执行；完成 carry out 执行，实行；贯彻；实现；完成 accomplish 完成；实现；达到 come true 实现，成真；成为现实 fulfill 履行；实现；满足；使结束

“证实”：(1) 动词 corroborate 证实，确证 authenticate 证实，证明…是真实的 demonstrate 证明；展示；论证 prove 证明 verify 核实；查证 confirm 确认；确定；证实 affirm 肯定；断言 (2) 名词 verification 确认，查证；核实

“调查”： evaluate 评估，评价 investigate 调查；研究 explore 探索；调查 quest 探索 look into 调查；观察

“关于”：about; on; with regard to 关于；至于 concerning 关于；就…而言 in regard to [of] 关于 with respect to 关于；至于 as respects 关于；至于 as regards 关于；至于 in this regard 就这一点而言 in regards to 关于；有关 as concerns 关于；就…而论 as to 至于；关于；就…而论 relate to 涉及；有关 in relation to 关于；涉及 relative; as far as … be concerned 就…而言 associated with 与…有关系；与…相联系 in terms of 依据；按照；在…方面；以…措词

“促进”与“阻碍”：（1）动词 expedite 促进；加快 promote 促进，提升 accelerate 促进；增加；加速 facilitate 促进；帮助；使容易 impediment 妨碍；阻止 hamper 妨碍 encumber 阻塞；妨害；拖累 bar 禁止，阻拦（2） 名词 intervention (n) 妨碍；干涉 hindrance 障碍；妨碍；妨害；阻碍物 hamper 阻碍物

“危及”：（1）(noun) jeopardize 危及；危害 harm 伤害；危害；损害 endanger 危及 hazard 使遭受危险（2）(verb) harm 伤害；损害 detriment 损害；伤害；损害物 hazard 危险；机会

“取决于”：hinge on 取决于…；依靠 depend on 取决于；依赖；依靠 rely on 依靠，依赖 lean upon 依靠

“描述”：delineate 描绘 contour 画轮廓 show 显示, 表明

可取的：desirable 可取的 advisable 可取的，适当的，明智的 recommendable 可推荐的；值得推荐的

“考虑”：account for 考虑 think about 考虑 take into account 考虑；重视 think over 仔细考虑；重新考虑 consider 考虑；考虑到；细想

“包含”：（1）comprise 包含；由…组成 involve 包含；牵涉 consist of 由…组成；由…构成；包括 include 包含；包括 contain 包含；含有 entail 蕴含（2） (n) inclusion 包含；内含物 （3）(adj) inclusive 包含的；包括的

“显著地”；markedly 显著地 signally 显著地；突出地；非凡地 memorably 显著地；明确地；难忘地 dramatically 显著地；剧烈地 observably 显著地；醒目地 significantly 显著地；相当数量地 distinctly 明显地；无疑地，确实地 obviously 明显地；显然地

“获得”：(1) (verb) acquire 获得；取得；学到；捕获 obtain 获得 gain 获得；增加 yield 产出 (2) (noun) acquisition 获得物；获得

“事实上”：in fact 事实上；实际上 as a matter of fact 事实上 in reality 实际上；事实上

“无论如何”：at the least 无论如何 in any case 无论如何 at all events 无论如何 on all accounts 无论如何；总之 anyhow 无论如何；不管怎样；总之 all in all 总而言之 on the whole 总体上 in general 总之，通常；一般而言

“预期”：（1）expect 期望；指望；认为 anticipate 预期；预料；预见，预计（并做准备）；期盼，期望 （2）expectation 预期；指望；期待 anticipation 预料；预期 prospection 预期；勘察

“大量的”：in a plethora of; a great many; a great deal of; a mass of 大量的 a host of 许多，一大群；众多，大量 scores of 许多，大量 a string of, a series of, a raft of 一系列的；一连串的

“根据”： in accordance with 依照；与…一致 according to 根据，按照；取决于；据…所说 in the light of 根据，按照；当作；由于，鉴于

“例如”： for instance 例如 for example 例如 such as 例如

set aside 放在一边 undoubtedly 确实地，毋庸置疑的 considerable 大量的 considerably 相当地；非常地 generally 通常；普遍地，一般地 extensive 广泛的，大量的 ubiquitous 普遍存在的 be related to 与…相关 collective 集体的，共同的 individual 个人的；个别的；独特的 integrate (vt.) 整合，(adj.) 整合的 substantial 大量的；实质的 discrepancy 不符；矛盾；相差 consistency 一致性，相容性 consistent 始终如一的；一致的；坚持的 detriment 损害；伤害；损害物 pictorial 形象化的 grim reality 严峻的现实 aforementioned 上述的；前面提及的 connote 意味着 in this context 关于这点；由此而论；由于这个原因；在这个背景下 anthropogenic 人为的 result in 导致；结果是 beget 产生；招致；引起 sidestep 回避 intractable 棘手的 analogue (n)类似物；(adj)类似的 criterion 标准；准则；规范；准据 paramount 最重要的；主要的 dissemination 宣传；散播 minimally 最低限度地 reinstate 使恢复；使复原 unremitting 不懈的；不间断的；坚忍的 fatuous 未经认真考虑的 spurious 假的；假造的 efficiency 效率；效能；功效 utility 实用；效用；功用 cost-effective 划算的 forge ahead 继续进行；取得进展 menstrual 每月的；一月一次的 biennial 两年一次的 extrapolate 推断；外推 hypothesized 假定，假设，猜测 coherent 连贯的，一致的；明了的；清晰的 with respect to 关于，至于 in comparison with 与…比较，同…比较起来 discrimination 区别，辨别；识别力 along with 沿（顺）着；连同…一起；与…一道；随同…一起 combined with 连同；联合 coupled with 加上，外加；与…相结合 subjective 主观的；个人的 objective 客观的 causal mechanism 因果机制 given (adj)给定的；(prop.)考虑到 set the stage for… 为…作好准备；为…奠定基础 leave behind 留下；遗留 in some instances 在某些情况下 serve to 用来；有助于；足以 tailored (adj)定制的 tailor 调整使适应 terminology 术语 metrics 度量 measure (n)度量；测量 as appropriate 视情况而定；酌情 logistics 后勤；后勤学 to some extent 在一定程度上 spread over 遍布于…；传遍；延续 amalgamation 融合，混合 aggregate 合计；集合体 composite 合成物 population [统计学]总体；[生物] 种群，[生物] 群体；全体居民；人口 so long as 只要 as long as 只要；和…一样长 provided 假如；倘若 supposing 假如；假使；猜想 in case 假使；万一 given 考虑到 as such 同样地；本身；就其本身而论 ephemeral 短暂的 correspond with 符合，一致；与……通信 at this stage 眼下 in-depth 彻底的，深入的 in tandem with 同…合作，与…串联 targeted 针对性的 put another way, … 换句话说 by this 由此，鉴于此
refer to 指的是，适用于，涉及 denote 表示；指示 apply to 适用于 be suitable for 适用于…的 in terms of 在…方面; 依据，按照 tractability 易处理性

optimization

objective function 目标方程 proximal operator 近似算子 stopping criteria 停止判据 error tolerance 误差宽容度 lagrange function 拉格朗日方程 subproblem 子问题 Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions KKT条件 update rule 更新规则 computational complexity analysis 计算复杂度分析 quantitative analysis 定量分析

machine learning

training error 训练误差 Empirical Risk Minimization 经验风险最小化 corollary 推论 dependent variable 因变量 independent variable 自变量 independent and identically distributed 独立同分布的 accentuate 加重 benchmark 基准

under study 在研究中 study area 研究区域 data pre-processing 数据预处理 deteriorate 恶化 extinction 灭绝 anisotropic [物] 各向异性的；[物] 非均质的 heterogeneous 混杂的；各种各样的；（化学）不均一的，多相的；（数学）不纯一的，参差的 homogeneous 同质的 homogeneity 同质；同种；同次性 monotonicity 单调性 anomaly 异常；不规则 abnormal 反常的，不规则的 trial and error 反复试验；尝试错误法 incipient 初期的；初始的；起始的 common practice 惯例 in practice 在实践中；实际上，事实上 at historically unprecedented rates 以前所未有的速率 heuristic 启发式的，探索的 state-of-the-art 最先进的；已经发展的；达到最高水准的 in the field 在实地 field measurement 现场测量；实地量度；野外测量 field data 现场数据；野外数据 qualitatively 定性地 quantitatively 定量地 reliability 可靠性 availability 可用性；有效性；实用性 accessibility 可达性；可以得到 suitability 适用性 per se 本身；自身 proactive management 前瞻性管理；预防性管理 best practice 最佳做法，最优方法；典范做法；最佳实践；最佳实务 dependent variable 因变量 independent variable 自变量 coefficient of determination 决定系数 rationale 基本原理 trend analysis 趋势分析 scenario 情景 multiple linear regression model 多元线性回归 comparative analysis 对比分析；比较分析 polynomial 多项式的 logarithmic 对数的 accentuate 强调 methodology 方法学；方法论 parameter selection 参数选择 entry 条目 frequency distribution 频数分布

plant mortality 植物死亡率 basal area 茎占面积；断面积 scorch 焦痕；烧焦 char 炭 ash 灰烬 burn severity 火烧严重度 fire disturbance 火灾干扰 burned area 过火面积 extent 程度 pathogen 病原体 pest 害虫 dieback 顶梢枯死 carcass resilience 恢复力；顺应力 in-situ data 现场数据 smoldering 阴燃；闷烧 mass wasting 物质坡移 ocular estimation and judgment 目测和判断 salvage logging 除害性砍伐 crown fire 林冠火 wind throw 风倒木；风倒 source database 源数据 spectral index 光谱指数 slash-and-burn ar 刀耕火种

soil moisture-holding capacity 土壤持水能力 slope 坡度 aspect 方位

figure legend 图解；附图说明 scatter plot 散点图

针对每一个样地，人工观察样地植被情况，并使用GPS测量仪记录经纬度，利用高分辨率相机对样地拍照留记，以便于后续计算指标。另一方面，利用无人机记录样地林冠影像。

遥感

Satellite constellation 卫星星座 geostationary satellite 地球同步卫星 remote sensing 遥感 hyperspectral imaging 高光谱成像 spectrometer 光谱仪；分光仪 spectroscopic 光谱学的，分学镜的 spectral resolution 光谱分辨率 spectral signature 光谱特征 spectral indice 光谱指数 endmember 端元 cartography 制图 photogrammetry 摄影测量法；摄影制图法 chrominance 色度；色差 panchromatic 全色的

geo-correct 几何校正 transect 样带 geodetic datum [测] 大地基准；测地基准点 geo-reference 地理参照；地理参考 geo-locate 地理定位 geometric correction 几何校正 radiometric correction 辐射校正 atmospheric correction 大气校正 topographic correction 地形校正 image registration 图像配准 spatial registration 空间配准 intercalibrate 交互校准 co-registration 配准 image mosaicking 图像拼接

aerosol 气溶胶 tie point 连接点；接合点 digital elevation model 数字高程模型 elevation 海拔；高程 slope 坡度 data format 数据格式 backdrop 背景 true color composite 真彩色合成

solar zenith angle 太阳天顶角 solar azimuth angle 太阳方位角

scattering 散射 radiative transfer model 辐射传输模型 stratify 分层；成层 albedo （行星等的）反射率；星体反照率 irradiance 辐照度 steradian 立体弧度 top-of-atmosphere 大气顶的

wavelength 波长 linear unmixing 线性分离 cross calibration 交叉定标

polygon 多边形

broad-scale 大尺度的

地理学

subtropical 亚热带的 semitropical 亚热带的 arid 干旱的 semi-arid 半干旱的 subalpine 亚高山带的 biophysical characteristics 生物物理特征 microclimatic condition 小气候特征 micrometeorology 微气候学 climate 气候变化；气候变迁 elevation 海拔

landscape 景观 landform 地形；地貌 rugged 崎岖的 temperate ecosystem 温带生态系统 ecoregion 生态区域 biodiversity 生物多样性 species diversity 物种多样性 biome 生物种群 biomass 生物量 waterbody 水体 biotic 生物的 photosynthetic activity 光合作用，光合活性 photosynthesis 光合作用 meteorological condition 气候条件

deciduous forest 落叶森林 larch forest 落叶松林 evergreen forest 常绿森林 conifer forest 针叶林 broadleaf tree 阔叶树 chaparral 丛林 agricultural land 农业用地 pristine forest 原始森林 secondary forest 次生林 pasture 草地；牧场 wetland 湿地 wildland 荒地 upland 山地；高地 grassland 草原 savanna 大草原 rangeland 牧场 shrubland 灌木地；灌丛带 herbaceous plant 草本植物 hay 干草 cultivated crop 中耕作物 open space 空地 forest stand 林分；林段 tree thickness 树皮厚度

spruce 云杉 fir 冷杉；枞木 taiga 针叶树林地带；北方针叶林 steppe 大草原 coniferous 针叶的；结球果的；松柏科的 eucalypt 桉树 pitch pine 北美脂松

fuel type 可燃物类型 canopy structure 冠层结构 overstory 上层林冠 understory 林下叶层

foliage 叶子（总称）；植物 bole 树干 tree trunk 树干 stem 干；茎 root 树根 root collar 根茎 rhizome 根茎；[植] 地下茎 ligneous 木质的 snags 断枝 organic soil 有机质土 substrate 基质 duff 半腐层 herbage 草本植物 seedling 树苗；秧苗，幼苗 sapling 树苗 stratum (复数strata) 层；地层 perimeter 周长 diameter 直径 periphery 外围，圆周 annual ring 年轮 growth ring 年轮 tree-ring analysis 年轮分析 acre 英亩 hectares 公顷 at regional and global scales 在地区和全球尺度上 flooding 洪水 drought 干旱 landslides 滑坡 soil erosion 水土流失 water repellency 拒水性；斥水性；疏水性 hydrophobicity [分子生物] 疏水性 precipitation 降水 fuel load 可燃物装载量 deposition 沉积物 perennial 多年生的；常年的；四季不断的 nutrient availability 养分有效性 soil characteristics 土壤特性 organic content 有机质含量；有机物含量 water content 含水量 chlorophyll 叶绿素 abiotic 非生物的，无生命的 biotic 生物的；有关生命的 net primary productivity 净初级生产力 hydrology 水文学 hydrography 水文学 forest succession 森林演替 ecological succession 生态演替 drainage network 河网

cobble 鹅卵石，圆石

geographic (geograpical) 地理的，地理学的 phenology 物候学 topographical 地质的；地形学的 convection 对流；传送 evapotranspiration 蒸散 terrestrial biosphere 陆地生物圈 ecoregion 生态区域 ecosystem 生态系统 biome 生物群落；生物群区 climax community 顶极群落 carbon sink 碳汇 carbon fixation 碳固定；固碳作用 carbon assimilation 碳同化 carbon sequestration 碳固定；碳封存

Siberian 西伯利亚的 Mediterranean (n)地中海 (adj)地中海的 continental 大陆的 watershed（美）流域 riparian 河边的，水滨的

物理化学

nitrogen 氮

special issue 特刊

math

identity 恒等式

口语

fast buck 意外之财 over the hump 度过最困难时期；已度过一半时间 hot stuff 非奇；非凡的事物

高光谱解混

hyperspectral unmixing 高光谱解混 abundance map 丰度图

Hyperspectral unmixing consists of identifying the pure spectral signatures, called endmembers, and estimating their corresponding fractions, called abundances.
In terms of abundance matrix, sparsity and smoothness are the most common constraints. The total variation (TV) adaptively promotes piecewise smoothness while preserving edges. Sparsity constaint assumes that a pixel is mixed with only a subset of endmembers.

Hyperspectral imagery always varies smoothly in the spatial domain, i.e., close pixels are likely to share similar abundances.

Since the sparsity is imposed on the abundance vector of each pixel, we shall call it as single sparsity to distinguish
from other sparse structures in hyperspectral unmixing. In other words, the single sparse assumption only focuses on each single pixel, ignoring potential information, specifically spatial information, offered by other pixels.

The TV regularizer term is an overstrict assumption that adjacent pixels should have both similar mixing endmembers and similar abundance fractions.

**Low-rank:**The spatial correlation among pixels in an HSI translates into linear dependence among their corresponding abundance vectors. The resulting abundance matrix thus admits a lowrank property. That is to say, the essense of low-rank is the spatial correlation among pixels in an hyperspectral imagery.