effective characteristic impedance including the capacitance of distributed loads
Tpd:
propagation delay
Lo:
inductance per unit length
Co:
capacitance per unit length
Acknowledgements:
The source for formulas used in this calculator (except where otherwise noted) is the Design Guide for Electronic Packaging Utilizing High-Speed Techniques (4th Working Draft, IPC-2251, February 2001.
THESE FORMULAS ARE APPROXIMATIONS! They should not be used when a high degree of accuracy is required.
This transmission line calculator was based on a concept developed by Douglas Brooks of UltraCAD Design, Inc.