[leetcode]552. Student Attendance Record II

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/student-attendance-record-ii/description/

Given a positive integer n, return the number of all possible attendance records with length n, which will be regarded as rewardable. The answer may be very large, return it after mod 109 + 7.

A student attendance record is a string that only contains the following three characters:

1. 'A' : Absent.
2. 'L' : Late.
3. 'P' : Present.

A record is regarded as rewardable if it doesn't contain more than one 'A' (absent) or more than two continuous 'L' (late).

Example 1:

Input: n = 2
Output: 8 
Explanation:
There are 8 records with length 2 will be regarded as rewardable:
"PP" , "AP", "PA", "LP", "PL", "AL", "LA", "LL"
Only "AA" won't be regarded as rewardable owing to more than one absent times. 

Note: The value of n won't exceed 100,000.

方法一：（dp）

1. Problem

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Given a positive integer n, return the number of all possible attendance records with length n, which will be regarded as rewardable. The answer may be very large, return it after mod 10⁹ + 7.

A student attendance record is a string that only contains the following three characters:

1. 'A' : Absent.
2. 'L' : Late.
3. 'P' : Present.

A record is regarded as rewardable if it doesn't contain more than one 'A' (absent) or more than two continuous 'L' (late).

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2. Thinking process

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2.1 Divide the whole problem into sub-problems

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Before introducing the way to calculate the number of all possible attendance records with length n, we divide the problem into 3 parts.

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As the attendance records is made by 3 characters ('P', 'L', 'A'), the total number can be divided into

Total = ended with P + ended with L + ended with A.

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If we define following series

T(n) is the total number of all possible attendance records with length n.

P(n) is the total number of all possible attendance records ended with 'P' with length n.

L(n) is the total number of all possible attendance records ended with 'L' with length n.

A(n) is the total number of all possible attendance records ended with 'A' with length n.

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It can be inferred that

T(n) = A(n) + P(n) + L(n), n ≥ 1.

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2.2 Solve the sub-problems by dynamic programming

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As I use dynamic programming, I need to find out the recursive relation in 3 sub-problems.

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2.2.1 Calculate P(n)

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It can be inferred that

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If we add a 'P' to an attendance records with length n - 1, we will get an attendance records ended with 'P' with length n.

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For an attendance record with length n - 1,

• If its (n - 1)th character is 'P' ---- CAN add 'P'. ("PP")

• If its (n - 1)th character is 'A' ---- CAN add 'P'. ("AP")

• If its (n - 1)th character is 'L' ---- CAN add 'P'. ("LP")

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which means

P(n) = A(n - 1) + P(n - 1) + L(n - 1), n ≥ 2.

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and we have initial value for the recursive relation

A(1) = P(1) = L(1) = 1.

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2.2.2 Calculate L(n)

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Similarly,

If we add a 'L' to an attendance records with length n - 1, we will get an attendance records ended with 'L' with length n.

But the resulting attendance records must be regarded as rewardable!

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As the rule is that a record is regarded as rewardable if it doesn't contain

more than two continuous 'L' (late).

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We need to consider the situations when we can add 'L' to an attendance record with length n - 1 and it's still regarded as rewardable.

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For an attendance record with length n - 1,

• If its (n - 1)th character is 'P' ---- CAN add 'L'. ("PL")

• If its (n - 1)th character is 'A' ---- CAN add 'L'. ("AL")

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• If its (n - 1)th character is 'L':

  • If its (n - 2)th character is 'A' ---- CAN add 'L'. ("ALL")

  • If its (n - 2)th character is 'P' ---- CAN add 'L'. ("PLL")

  • If its (n - 2)th character is 'L' ---- CAN NOT add 'L'. ("LLL" breaks the rule)

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which means

L(n) = A(n - 1) + P(n - 1) + A(n - 2) + P(n - 2), n ≥ 3

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and we have initial value for the recursive relation

A(1) = P(1) = 1.

A(2) = 2, P(2) = 3.

and

L(1) = 1, L(2) = 3.

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2.2.3 Calculate A(n)

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Similarly,

If we add a 'A' to an attendance records with length n - 1, we will get an attendance records ended with 'A' with length n.

But the resulting attendance records must be regarded as rewardable!

---

As the rule is that a record is regarded as rewardable if it doesn't contain

more than one 'A' (absent).

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We need to consider the situations when we can add 'A' to an attendance record with length n - 1 and it's still regarded as rewardable.

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For an attendance record with length n - 1,

• If its (n - 1)th character is 'A' ---- CAN NOT add 'A'. ("AA" breaks the rule)

• If its (n - 1)th character is 'P' and has no 'A' ---- CAN add 'A'.

• If its (n - 1)th character is 'L' and has no 'A' ---- CAN add 'A'.

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If we define series

noAP(n) is the total number of all possible attendance records ended with 'P' with length n and with no 'A'.

noAL(n) is the total number of all possible attendance records ended with 'L' with length n and with no 'A'.

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It can be inferred that

A(n) = noAP(n - 1) + noAL(n - 1), n ≥ 2.

and we have initial value for the recursive relation

A(1) = 1.

noAP(1) = noAL(1) = 1.

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2.2.4 Calculate noAP(n) and noAL(n)

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In 2.2.3, 2 new series noAP(n) and noAL(n) is introduced. Now, we focus on the recursive relation in noAP(n) and noAL(n).

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For noAP(n), we need to consider the situations when we can add 'P' to an attendance record with length n - 1 and no 'A' and it's still regarded as rewardable.

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Since noAP(n) has no 'A', we don't need to consider the situation when its (n - 1)th character is 'A'.

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For an attendance record with length n - 1, we can get only 2 situations

• If its (n - 1)th character is 'P' and has no 'A' ---- CAN add 'P'.

• If its (n - 1)th character is 'L' and has no 'A' ---- CAN add 'P'.

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which means

noAP(n) = noAP(n - 1) + noAL(n - 1), n ≥ 2.

and we have initial value for the recursive relation

noAP(1) = noAL(1) = 1.

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For noAL(n), we need to consider the situations when we can add 'L' to an attendance record with length n - 1 and no 'A' and it's still regarded as rewardable.

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Since noAL(n) has no 'A', we don't need to consider the situation when its (n - 1)th character is 'A'.

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For an attendance record with length n - 1, we can get

• If its (n - 1)th character is 'P' and has no 'A' ---- CAN add 'L'.("PL")

• If its (n - 1)th character is 'L' and has no 'A'.

  • If its (n - 2)th character is 'P' and has no 'A' ---- CAN add 'L'.("PLL")

  • If its (n - 2)th character is 'L' and has no 'A' ---- CAN NOT add 'L'.("LLL" breaks the rule.)

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which means

noAL(n) = noAP(n - 1) + noAP(n - 2), n ≥ 3.

and we have initial value for the recursive relation

noAP(1) = noAL(1) = 1.

and

noAL(2) = 2.

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2.3 Recursive relationship summarization

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The answer to the whole problem is T(n), and

T(n) = A(n) + P(n) + L(n), n ≥ 1.

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Recursive formula:

P(n) = A(n - 1) + P(n - 1) + L(n - 1), n ≥ 2.

A(n) = noAP(n - 1) + noAL(n - 1), n ≥ 2.

noAP(n) = noAP(n - 1) + noAL(n - 1), n ≥ 2.

L(n) = A(n - 1) + P(n - 1) + A(n - 2) + P(n - 2), n ≥ 3.

noAL(n) = noAP(n - 1) + noAP(n - 2), n ≥ 3.

with Initial value

A(1) = P(1) = L(1) = 1.

noAP(1) = noAL(1) = 1.

L(2) = 3.

noAL(2) = 2.

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2.4 Simplifying

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When n ≥ 4, the 3 formulas

A(n) = noAP(n - 1) + noAL(n - 1), n ≥ 2.

noAP(n) = noAP(n - 1) + noAL(n - 1), n ≥ 2.

noAL(n) = noAP(n - 1) + noAP(n - 2), n ≥ 3.

can be simplified to

A(n) = A(n - 1) + A(n - 2) + A(n - 3), n ≥ 4.

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Finally, the recursive formula group becomes

P(n) = A(n - 1) + P(n - 1) + L(n - 1), n ≥ 2.

L(n) = A(n - 1) + P(n - 1) + A(n - 2) + P(n - 2), n ≥ 3.

A(n) = A(n - 1) + A(n - 2) + A(n - 3), n ≥ 4.

Here, noAP(n) and noAL(n) disappeared.

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with Initial value

P(1) = 1.

L(1) = 1, L(2) = 3.

A(1) = 1, A(2) = 2, A(3) = 4.

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2.5 Do modulus

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The result need to be returned after mod 10⁹ + 7.

Since the result is generated by adding a lot of middle results together, in order to make sure that every middle result and the final result won't exceed INT_MAX, we need to do mod for every middle result, and for every 2-middle-result-addition.

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3. Complexity analysis

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3.1 Time complexity

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Since the algorithm is one-pass from 1 to n.

The time complexity is O(n).

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3.2 Space complexity

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Since 3 arrays are used to save P(n), L(n), A(n), the total size is 3n.

The space complexity is O(n).

class Solution {
public:
    int checkRecord(int n) {
        int m=1000000007;
        int *A=new int[n];
        int *P=new int[n];
        int *L=new int[n];

        P[0]=1;
        L[0]=1;
        L[1]=3;
        A[0]=1;
        A[1]=2;
        A[2]=4;

        if(n==1) return 3;

        for(int i=1;i<n;i++)
        {
            A[i-1]%=m;
            P[i-1]%=m;
            L[i-1]%=m;

            P[i]=((A[i-1]%m+P[i-1]%m)%m+L[i-1])%m;
            if(i>1)
                L[i]=((A[i-1]%m+P[i-1]%m)%m+(A[i-2]%m+P[i-2]%m)%m)%m;
            if(i>2)
                A[i]=((A[i-1]%m+A[i-2]%m)%m+A[i-3])%m;
        }
        return ((A[n-1]%m+P[n-1]%m)%m+L[n-1]%m)%m;
    }
};

方法二：