口语笔记——句子结构概括

英语中的所有句子都可以用5种结构、8种成分、11种词性囊括。

5大句子结构

• 主谓
  • he died.
  • he left.
• 主谓宾
  • he bought a car.
  • I love you.
  • He is watching TV.
• 主谓宾+宾补
  • He calls me Tom. （Tom是宾语me的补语）
  • He painted the room blue.
  • He made me angry.
• 主谓宾+间宾+直宾
  • He bought me a car. （me为间宾，a car为直宾）
  • He told me a story.
  • He gave me a book.
• 主系表
  • He is a teacher.
  • He is tall.
  • He is here.
  • He is In Beijing.

8种句子成分

组成句子结构的成分：主、谓、宾、表、补、定、状、同位语。

• 主语：The cat is sleeping.
• 谓语：The cake tastes delicious.
• 宾语：She read a book.
• 表语：He is a doctor.
• 补语：They elected him president.
• 定语：The blue sky is beautiful.
• 状语：She sings beautifully.
• 同位语：My brother, a talented musician, plays the guitar.

句子成分是语言的中心点，学语言主要从句子成分入手，如下面中文句子：

• 上进的（定） 人（主） 经常（频度状语） 大量地（方式状语） 读书（谓语） 来提升自己（目的状语）。

所有的从句都是围绕句子成分展开，8种成分中不能用从句的只有谓语和补语，其它成分都可以使用从句：

• 主语从句：What you said is very important.
• 宾语从句：She said that she would come to the party.
• 表语从句：The problem is that we don’t have enough time.
• 定语从句：The book that you lent me was fascinating(令人着迷的）.
• 状语从句：I will call you when I arrive.
• 同位语从句：The fact that she passed the exam surprised everyone.

这6种从句构成了英语中的所有从句类型，其中，主宾表统称为名词性从句。

11类词性

能作句子成分的11类词性：名、形、副、介、代、连、冠、数、感叹、动、时表。

• 名词： The dog barks loudly.
• 形容词:She is smart.
• 副词: He runs quickly.
• 介词: The cat is on the table.
• 代词: They are going to the park.
• 连词: I like tea and coffee.
• 冠词: A book is on the table.
• 数词: I have three apples.
• 感叹词: Wow! That’s amazing!
• 动词: She plays the piano.
• 时表词: He doesn't play basketball.

这11种词性之外，还有两种特殊形态也可以作句子成分：

• 从句: I will leave if it rains.
• 非谓语动词: To eat vegetables is healthy.

注：词性作成分得到的是简单句，句子作成分得到是复杂句。

8种成分的词性

• 主语：名，代

  • Dogs are human’s friends.
  • They are best friends.

• 谓（系）：实义动词，时表词

  • he cried.
  • she is a doctor.

• 宾：名，代

  • he give me a pen. (me是代词作直宾，a pen是名词作间宾）

• 表：名、形、副、介

  • he is a teacher. （名）
  • she is beautiful. （形）
  • he speaks loudly. （副）
  • he is on the desk.（介）

• 补：名、形、副、介

  • he give me a pen. （名词作补语）
  • he make me happy. （形）
  • I do the homework quickly. （副）
  • she put the coat on the sofa.（介）

• 定：名、形、数、代、介词短语、形容词短语、从句、非谓语动词。

  • I know the cute boy. 形
  • I know the school boy. 名
  • I know the first boy. 数
  • I know every boy. 代
  • I know the boy there. 副
  • I know the boy in the room. 介词短语
  • I know the boy scared of dogs. 形容词短语
  • I know the boy who you like. 定语从语
  • I know the boy to come. 非谓语动词-不定式
  • I know the boy crying. 非谓语动词-现在分词
  • I know the boy fired. 非谓语动词-过去分词

• 状：副词、名词复数，数+名，形+名，介 + 名，从句

  • I saw him yesterday. 副
  • We have been sittings here hours waiting for you. 名词+s变成复数作状语
  • I’m five years old. 数词+名词
  • He slept the whole day. 形容词+名词
  • The came in hand in hand. 介词 + 名词
  • call me if you come tomorrow. 从句

• 同：名词、代词、数词、形容词短语

  • My teachers, Mr.G and Mr.D, will come later. 名
  • John, he, will join us later. 代
  • They won the championship in 2020, the year they returned to form. 数
  • The book, exciting and thought-provoking, became a bestseller. 形容词短语

相关笔记

• 状语从句
• 定语从句