python入门级_用户输入、while循环及函数的定义、matplotlib、类的定义

python input()函数

name = input('Please enter your name: ')
print('Hello, ' + name + '!')

求模运算（%），不会指出一个数是另一个数的多少倍，而只指出余数是多少

4 % 3
# 1
5 % 3
# 2

while循环

promt = "\nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: "
promt = "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program."
active = True
while active:
    message = input(promt)
    if message == 'quit':
        active = False
    else:
        print(message)

break跳出循环

prompt = "\nPlease enter the name of a city you have visited: "
prompt = "\n(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.)"
while True:
    city = input(prompt)
    if city == 'quit':
        break
    else:
        print("I'd love to go " + city.title() + '!')
#(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.) Beijing
#I'd love to go  Beijing!

#(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.)quit

循环中的continue

current_number = 0
while current_number < 10:
    current_number += 1
    if current_number % 2 == 0:
        continue
    print(current_number)
#1
#3
#5
#7
#9

删除包含特定值的所有列表元素

pets = ['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish','cat','rabbit','cat']
print(pets)
while 'cat' in pets:
    pets.remove('cat')
print(pets)
#['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat']
#['dog', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'rabbit']

定义函数

def greet_user():
    print('Hello!')

greet_user()
#Hello!

#---------------修改--------------
def greet_user(username):
    print('Hello, ' + username + '!')

greet_user('Hui')
#Hello, Hui!

导入matplotlib库绘图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
squares = [1,4,9,16,25]
plt.plot(squares)
plt.show()
#![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/8c9b2821e20444a3961f0e117605caad.png)

设置坐标轴标题及刻度大小

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
squares = [1,4,9,16,25]
#设置图表标题，并给坐标轴加上标签
plt.plot(squares,linewidth = 5)
plt.title("Square Numbers", fontsize = 24)
plt.xlabel("Value",fontsize=14)
plt.ylabel("Square of Value",fontsize=14)
#设置刻度标记的大小
plt.tick_params(axis='both',labelsize=14)
plt.show()
#![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/f68238ac2e2c4acebef71b9681e30131.png)
#linewidth 决定plpt()绘制的线条的粗细
#title() 给图表制定标题
#fontsize指定了图表中文字的大小
#xlabel() ylabel()为每条轴设置标题
#tick_params() 设置刻度样式

保存图片

plt.savefig('squares_plot.png',bbox_inches='tight')

使用scatter绘制一系列点，并使用颜色映射

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x_value = list(range(1,5001))
y_value = [x**3 for x in x_value]
plt.scatter(x_value,y_value,c=y_value, cmap=plt.cm.Blues,edgecolor='none',s=40)
plt.show()
#![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/bd46ddc3b9e24ed397b2f637ba01c05e.png)
#绘制散点scatter()
#颜色映射 将参数c设置为一个y值列表，并使用参数cmap制定pyplot使用哪个颜色映射

类的定义。类中的函数称为方法，可以通过实例访问的变量称为属性

class Dog():
    '''一次模拟小狗的简单尝试'''
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        '''初始化属性name和age'''
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    def sit(self):
        '''模拟小狗被命令时蹲下'''
        print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")

    def rool_over(self):
        '''模拟小狗被命令时打滚'''
        print(self.name.title() + ' is rolled over.')

继承

class Car():
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
        return long_name
    def read_odometer(self):
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    def update_odometer(self,mileage):
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("You can't rool back an odometer.")

    def increment_odometer(self,miles):
        self.odometer_reading += miles
class ElectricCar(Car):
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        super().__init__(make,model,year)
my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla','model s',2016)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

#2016 tesla model s