Python入门02：详细来了解一下Requests库

那个叫做 Urllib 的库让我们的 python 假装是浏览器

接下来我们要来玩一个新的库，这个库的名称叫做 Requests

这个库比 urllib 可是要牛逼一丢丢的，毕竟 Requests 是在 urllib 的基础上搞出来的

通过它我们可以用更少的代码，模拟浏览器操作

人生苦短，接下来就是

学习 python 的正确姿势

对于不是 python 的内置库，我们需要安装一下

直接使用 pip 安装，pip install requests

安装完后就可以使用了，接下来就来感受一下 requests 吧

导入 requests 模块

import requests

一行代码 Get 请求

r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')

一行代码 Post 请求

r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data = {'key':'value'})

其它乱七八糟的 Http 请求

r = requests.put('https://httpbin.org/put', data = {'key':'value'})

r = requests.delete('https://httpbin.org/delete')

r = requests.head('https://httpbin.org/get')

r = requests.options('https://httpbin.org/get')

想要携带请求参数是吧？

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}

r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get', params=payload)

假装自己是浏览器

url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'

headers = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1'}

r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

获取服务器响应文本内容

import requests

r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')

r.text

u'[{"repository":{"open_issues":0,"url":"https://github.com/...
r.encoding

'utf-8'

获取字节响应内容

r.content

b'[{"repository":{"open_issues":0,"url":"https://github.com/...

获取响应码

r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get')

r.status_code

200

获取响应头

r.headers

{    
    'content-encoding': 'gzip',    
    'transfer-encoding': 'chunked',  
    'connection': 'close',    
    'server': 'nginx/1.0.4',    
    'x-runtime': '148ms',    
    'etag': '"e1ca502697e5c9317743dc078f67693f"',   
    'content-type': 'application/json'
    
}

获取 Json 响应内容

import requests

r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')

r.json()

[{u'repository': {u'open_issues': 0, u'url': 'https://github.com/...

获取 socket 流响应内容

r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events', stream=True)

r.raw

<urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x101194810>

r.raw.read(10)

'\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03'

Post请求

当你想要一个键里面添加多个值的时候

payload_tuples = [('key1', 'value1'), ('key1', 'value2')]

r1 = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload_tuples)

payload_dict = {'key1': ['value1', 'value2']}

r2 = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload_dict)

print(r1.text)

{  ...  "form": {    "key1": [      "value1",      "value2"    ]  },  ...}

r1.text == r2.text

True

请求的时候用 json 作为参数

url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'

payload = {'some': 'data'}

r = requests.post(url, json=payload)

想上传文件？

url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'

files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}

r = requests.post(url, files=files)

r.text

{  ...  "files": {    "file": "<censored...binary...data>"  },  ...}

获取 cookie 信息

url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'

r = requests.get(url)

r.cookies['example_cookie_name']

'example_cookie_value'

发送 cookie 信息

url = 'https://httpbin.org/cookies'

cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')

r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)

r.text

'{"cookies": {"cookies_are": "working"}}'

设置超时

requests.get('https://github.com/', timeout=0.001)Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>requests.exceptions.Timeout: HTTPConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=80): Request timed out. (timeout=0.001)