pytho 模块 xml.etree.ElementTree 解析 xml
文章目录
1. 什么是 XML?
XML 代表可扩展标记语言。它在外观上类似于HTML,但 XML 用于数据表示,而 HTML 用于定义正在使用的数据。XML 专门设计用于在客户端和服务器之间来回发送和接收数据。
XML 创建了一种易于解释并支持层次结构的树状结构。只要页面遵循 XML,就可以将其称为 XML 文档。
- XML 文档具有称为元素的部分,由开始和结束标记定义。标签是一种以 开头
<和结尾的标记结构>
。开始标签和结束标签之间的字符(如果有的话)是元素的内容。元素可以包含标记,包括其他元素,称为“子元素”。 - 最大的顶级元素称为root,它包含所有其他元素。
- 属性是存在于起始标签或空元素标签中的名称-值对。XML 属性只能有一个值,并且每个属性在每个元素上最多只能出现一次。
XML 文件:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<collection>
<genre category="Action">
<decade years="1980s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Indiana Jones: The raiders of the lost Ark">
<format multiple="No">DVD</format>
<year>1981</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>
'Archaeologist and adventurer Indiana Jones
is hired by the U.S. government to find the Ark of the
Covenant before the Nazis.'
</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="True" title="THE KARATE KID">
<format multiple="Yes">DVD,Online</format>
<year>1984</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>None provided.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="False" title="Back 2 the Future">
<format multiple="False">Blu-ray</format>
<year>1985</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>Marty McFly</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="1990s">
<movie favorite="False" title="X-Men">
<format multiple="Yes">dvd, digital</format>
<year>2000</year>
<rating>PG-13</rating>
<description>Two mutants come to a private academy for their kind whose resident superhero team must
oppose a terrorist organization with similar powers.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="True" title="Batman Returns">
<format multiple="No">VHS</format>
<year>1992</year>
<rating>PG13</rating>
<description>NA.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="False" title="Reservoir Dogs">
<format multiple="No">Online</format>
<year>1992</year>
<rating>R</rating>
<description>WhAtEvER I Want!!!?!</description>
</movie>
</decade>
</genre>
<genre category="Thriller">
<decade years="1970s">
<movie favorite="False" title="ALIEN">
<format multiple="Yes">DVD</format>
<year>1979</year>
<rating>R</rating>
<description>"""""""""</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="1980s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Ferris Bueller's Day Off">
<format multiple="No">DVD</format>
<year>1986</year>
<rating>PG13</rating>
<description>Funny movie about a funny guy</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="FALSE" title="American Psycho">
<format multiple="No">blue-ray</format>
<year>2000</year>
<rating>Unrated</rating>
<description>psychopathic Bateman</description>
</movie>
</decade>
</genre>
从您上面阅读的内容中,您可以看到
<collection>
是单个根元素:它包含所有其他元素,例如<genre>
、 或<movie>
,它们是子元素或子元素。如您所见,这些元素是嵌套的。- 这些子元素也可以充当父元素并包含它们自己的子元素,这些子元素称为“子子元素”。例如,您会看到
<movie>
元素包含几个“属性”,例如favorite title提供更多信息!
2. ElementTree 简介
到目前为止,您所了解的 XML 解析器可以完成这项工作。但是,它们不太符合 Python 的哲学,这绝非偶然。虽然 DOM 遵循 W3C 规范,而 SAX 是根据 Java API 建模的,但两者都没有特别像 Python 的感觉。
更糟糕的是,DOM 和 SAX 解析器都感觉过时了,因为它们在CPython解释器中的一些代码已经超过 20 年没有改变了!在撰写本文时,它们的实现仍然不完整,并且缺少 typeshed 存根,这会破坏代码编辑器中的代码完成。
同时,Python 2.5 带来了解析和编写 XML 文档的全新视角——ElementTree API
。它是一个轻量级、高效、优雅且功能丰富的界面,甚至一些第三方库也以此为基础。要开始使用它,您必须导入xml.etree.ElementTree
模块,这有点拗口。因此,习惯上这样定义别名:
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
您可以通过采用不同的解析策略来使用 ElementTree API:
非增量 | 增量(阻塞) | 增量(非阻塞) | |
---|---|---|---|
ET.parse() | ✔️ | ||
ET.fromstring() | ✔️ | ||
ET.iterparse() | ✔️ | ||
ET.XMLPullParser | ✔️ |
3. 解析 XML 数据
提供的 XML 文件中,有一个描述的电影的基本集合。唯一的问题是数据很乱!这个集合有很多不同的策展人,每个人都有自己的方式将数据输入文件。本教程的主要目标是使用 Python 阅读和理解文件 - 然后解决问题。
首先,您需要使用ElementTree
.
tree = ET.parse('movies.xml')
root = tree.getroot()
现在您已经初始化了树,您应该查看 XML 并打印出值以了解树的结构。
树的每个部分(包括根)都有一个描述元素的标签。此外,正如您在介绍中看到的那样,元素可能具有属性,这些属性是附加的描述符,特别用于重复标记的使用。属性还有助于验证为该标记输入的值,再次有助于 XML 的结构化格式。
root.tag
输出:
'collection'
在顶层,您会看到此 XML 植根于collection标记中。
root.attrib
输出:
{}
所以根没有属性。
示例
xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd" [
<!ENTITY custom_entity "Hello">
]>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape"
viewBox="-105 -100 210 270" width="210" height="270">
<inkscape:custom x="42" inkscape:z="555">Some value</inkscape:custom>
<defs>
<linearGradient id="skin" x1="0" x2="0" y1="0" y2="1">
<stop offset="0%" stop-color="yellow" stop-opacity="1.0"/>
<stop offset="75%" stop-color="gold" stop-opacity="1.0"/>
<stop offset="100%" stop-color="orange" stop-opacity="1"/>
</linearGradient>
</defs>
<g id="smiley" inkscape:groupmode="layer" inkscape:label="Smiley">
<!-- Head -->
<circle cx="0" cy="0" r="50"
fill="url(#skin)" stroke="orange" stroke-width="2"/>
<!-- Eyes -->
<ellipse cx="-20" cy="-10" rx="6" ry="8" fill="black" stroke="none"/>
<ellipse cx="20" cy="-10" rx="6" ry="8" fill="black" stroke="none"/>
<!-- Mouth -->
<path d="M-20 20 A25 25 0 0 0 20 20"
fill="white" stroke="black" stroke-width="3"/>
</g>
<text x="-40" y="75">&custom_entity; <svg>!</text>
<script>
<![CDATA[
console.log("CDATA disables XML parsing: <svg>")
const smiley = document.getElementById("smiley")
const eyes = document.querySelectorAll("ellipse")
const setRadius = r => e => eyes.forEach(x => x.setAttribute("ry", r))
smiley.addEventListener("mouseenter", setRadius(2))
smiley.addEventListener("mouseleave", setRadius(8))
]]>
</script>
</svg>
>>> import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
>>> tree = ET.parse('movies.xml')
>>> root = tree.getroot()
>>> element = root[0]
>>> element.tag
'{http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape}custom'
>>> element.text
'Some value'
>>> element.attrib
{'x': '42', '{http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape}z': '555'}
>>> element.get("x")
'42'
4. For 循环
通过使用简单的“for”循环,您可以轻松地迭代根中的子元素(通常称为“子元素”)。
for child in root:
print(child.tag, child.attrib)
输出:
genre {'category': 'Action'}
genre {'category': 'Thriller'}
genre {'category': 'Comedy'}
现在你知道根的孩子collection
都是genre
. 为了指定类型,XML 使用属性category
。genre
根据元素,有Action
, Thriller
, and Comedy
movies。
通常,了解整个树中的所有元素会很有帮助。一个有用的功能是root.iter()
。您可以将此函数放入“for”循环中,它将遍历整个树。
[elem.tag for elem in root.iter()]
输出:
['collection',
'genre',
'decade',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'decade',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'genre',
'decade',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'decade',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'genre',
'decade',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'decade',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'decade',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description',
'decade',
'movie',
'format',
'year',
'rating',
'description']
这给出了您拥有多少个元素的一般概念,但它不显示树中的属性或级别。
有一种有用的方法可以查看整个文档。任何元素都有.tostring()
方法。如果将根传递给.tostring()
方法,则可以返回整个文档。在ElementTree(记住别名为ET)内,.tostring()
采用一种稍微奇怪的形式。
由于ElementTree它是一个功能强大的库,不仅可以解释 XML,因此您必须将要显示的文档的编码和解码都指定为字符串。对于 XML,使用’utf8
’- 这是 XML 的典型文档格式类型。
print(ET.tostring(root, encoding='utf8').decode('utf8'))
输出:
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf8'?>
<collection>
<genre category="Action">
<decade years="1980s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Indiana Jones: The raiders of the lost Ark">
<format multiple="No">DVD</format>
<year>1981</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>
'Archaeologist and adventurer Indiana Jones
is hired by the U.S. government to find the Ark of the
Covenant before the Nazis.'
</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="True" title="THE KARATE KID">
<format multiple="Yes">DVD,Online</format>
<year>1984</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>None provided.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="False" title="Back 2 the Future">
<format multiple="False">Blu-ray</format>
<year>1985</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>Marty McFly</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="1990s">
<movie favorite="False" title="X-Men">
<format multiple="Yes">dvd, digital</format>
<year>2000</year>
<rating>PG-13</rating>
<description>Two mutants come to a private academy for their kind whose resident superhero team must
oppose a terrorist organization with similar powers.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="True" title="Batman Returns">
<format multiple="No">VHS</format>
<year>1992</year>
<rating>PG13</rating>
<description>NA.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="False" title="Reservoir Dogs">
<format multiple="No">Online</format>
<year>1992</year>
<rating>R</rating>
<description>WhAtEvER I Want!!!?!</description>
</movie>
</decade>
</genre>
<genre category="Thriller">
<decade years="1970s">
<movie favorite="False" title="ALIEN">
<format multiple="Yes">DVD</format>
<year>1979</year>
<rating>R</rating>
<description>"""""""""</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="1980s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Ferris Bueller's Day Off">
<format multiple="No">DVD</format>
<year>1986</year>
<rating>PG13</rating>
<description>Funny movie about a funny guy</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="FALSE" title="American Psycho">
<format multiple="No">blue-ray</format>
<year>2000</year>
<rating>Unrated</rating>
<description>psychopathic Bateman</description>
</movie>
</decade>
</genre>
<genre category="Comedy">
<decade years="1960s">
<movie favorite="False" title="Batman: The Movie">
<format multiple="Yes">DVD,VHS</format>
<year>1966</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>What a joke!</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="2010s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Easy A">
<format multiple="No">DVD</format>
<year>2010</year>
<rating>PG--13</rating>
<description>Emma Stone = Hester Prynne</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="True" title="Dinner for SCHMUCKS">
<format multiple="Yes">DVD,digital,Netflix</format>
<year>2011</year>
<rating>Unrated</rating>
<description>Tim (Rudd) is a rising executive
who “succeeds” in finding the perfect guest,
IRS employee Barry (Carell), for his boss’ monthly event,
a so-called “dinner for idiots,” which offers certain
advantages to the exec who shows up with the biggest buffoon.
</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="1980s">
<movie favorite="False" title="Ghostbusters">
<format multiple="No">Online,VHS</format>
<year>1984</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>Who ya gonna call?</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="1990s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves">
<format multiple="No">Blu_Ray</format>
<year>1991</year>
<rating>Unknown</rating>
<description>Robin Hood slaying</description>
</movie>
</decade>
</genre>
</collection>
您可以扩展该iter()
函数的使用,以帮助查找感兴趣的特定元素。root.iter()
将列出根下与指定元素匹配的所有子元素。在这里,您将列出movie树中元素的所有属性:
for movie in root.iter('movie'):
print(movie.attrib)
输出:
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'Indiana Jones: The raiders of the lost Ark'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'THE KARATE KID'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'Back 2 the Future'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'X-Men'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'Batman Returns'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'Reservoir Dogs'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'ALIEN'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': "Ferris Bueller's Day Off"}
{'favorite': 'FALSE', 'title': 'American Psycho'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'Batman: The Movie'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'Easy A'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'Dinner for SCHMUCKS'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'Ghostbusters'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves'}
您已经可以看到如何movies以不同的方式输入。暂时不用担心,稍后您将有机会在本教程中修复其中一个错误。
5. XPath 表达式
多时候元素没有属性,它们只有文本内容。使用属性.text
,您可以打印出此内容。
现在,打印出电影的所有描述。
for description in root.iter('description'):
print(description.text)
输出:
'Archaeologist and adventurer Indiana Jones
is hired by the U.S. government to find the Ark of the
Covenant before the Nazis.'
None provided.
Marty McFly
Two mutants come to a private academy for their kind whose resident superhero team must
oppose a terrorist organization with similar powers.
NA.
WhAtEvER I Want!!!?!
"""""""""
Funny movie about a funny guy
psychopathic Bateman
What a joke!
Emma Stone = Hester Prynne
Tim (Rudd) is a rising executive
who “succeeds” in finding the perfect guest,
IRS employee Barry (Carell), for his boss’ monthly event,
a so-called “dinner for idiots,” which offers certain
advantages to the exec who shows up with the biggest buffoon.
Who ya gonna call?
Robin Hood slaying
打印出 XML 是有帮助的,但 XPath 是一种用于快速轻松地搜索 XML 的查询语言。XPath 代表 XML 路径语言,顾名思义,它使用“类似路径”的语法来识别和导航 XML 文档中的节点。
了解 XPath 对于扫描和填充 XML 至关重要。ElementTree
有一个.findall()
函数将遍历被引用元素的直接子元素。您可以使用 XPath 表达式来指定更有用的搜索。
在这里,您将在树中搜索 1992 年上映的电影:
for movie in root.findall("./genre/decade/movie/[year='1992']"):
print(movie.attrib)
输出:
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'Batman Returns'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'Reservoir Dogs'}
该函数.findall()
总是从指定的元素开始。这种类型的功能对于“查找和替换”来说非常强大。您甚至可以搜索属性!
现在,仅打印以多种格式(属性)可用的电影。
for movie in root.findall("./genre/decade/movie/format/[@multiple='Yes']"):
print(movie.attrib)
输出:
{'multiple': 'Yes'}
{'multiple': 'Yes'}
{'multiple': 'Yes'}
{'multiple': 'Yes'}
{'multiple': 'Yes'}
集思广益,为什么在这种情况下 print 语句会返回multiple. 想想“for”循环是如何定义的。你能改写这个循环来打印出电影标题吗?在下面试试:
提示:使用’…'inside XPath 返回当前元素的父元素。
for movie in root.findall("./genre/decade/movie/format[@multiple='Yes']..."):
print(movie.attrib)
输出:
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'THE KARATE KID'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'X-Men'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'ALIEN'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'Batman: The Movie'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'Dinner for SCHMUCKS'}
6. 修改 XML
早些时候,电影标题绝对是一团糟。现在,再次打印出来:
for movie in root.iter('movie'):
print(movie.attrib)
修复 Back 2 the Future
中的“2”。这应该是一个查找和替换的问题。编写代码以查找标题“Back 2 the Future”并将其保存为变量:
b2tf = root.find("./genre/decade/movie[@title='Back 2 the Future']")
print(b2tf)
输出:
<Element 'movie' at 0x10ce00ef8>
请注意,使用该.find()
方法会返回树的一个元素。很多时候,编辑元素内的内容更有用。
修改titleBack 2 the Future
元素变量的属性为“Back to the Future
”。然后,打印出变量的属性以查看您的更改。您可以通过访问元素的属性然后为其分配新值来轻松地做到这一点:
b2tf.attrib["title"] = "Back to the Future"
print(b2tf.attrib)
输出:
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'Back to the Future'}
将您的更改写回 XML
,以便它们永久固定在文档中。再次打印您的电影属性以确保您的更改有效。使用.write()
方法来做到这一点:
tree.write("movies.xml")
tree = ET.parse('movies.xml')
root = tree.getroot()
for movie in root.iter('movie'):
print(movie.attrib)
输出:
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'Indiana Jones: The raiders of the lost Ark'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'THE KARATE KID'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'Back to the Future'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'X-Men'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'Batman Returns'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'Reservoir Dogs'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'ALIEN'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': "Ferris Bueller's Day Off"}
{'favorite': 'FALSE', 'title': 'American Psycho'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'Batman: The Movie'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'Easy A'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'Dinner for SCHMUCKS'}
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'Ghostbusters'}
{'favorite': 'True', 'title': 'Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves'}
7. 修复属性
该multiple
属性在某些地方不正确。用于ElementTree
根据影片进入的格式来修复指示符。首先,打印format
属性和 text
以查看需要修复的部分。
for form in root.findall("./genre/decade/movie/format"):
print(form.attrib, form.text)
输出:
{'multiple': 'No'} DVD
{'multiple': 'Yes'} DVD,Online
{'multiple': 'False'} Blu-ray
{'multiple': 'Yes'} dvd, digital
{'multiple': 'No'} VHS
{'multiple': 'No'} Online
{'multiple': 'Yes'} DVD
{'multiple': 'No'} DVD
{'multiple': 'No'} blue-ray
{'multiple': 'Yes'} DVD,VHS
{'multiple': 'No'} DVD
{'multiple': 'Yes'} DVD,digital,Netflix
{'multiple': 'No'} Online,VHS
{'multiple': 'No'} Blu_Ray
在这个标签上需要做一些工作。
您可以使用正则表达式查找逗号 - 这将判断multiple
属性应该是“是”还是“否”。.set()
使用该方法可以轻松地添加和修改属性。
注意:re是 Python 的标准正则表达式解释器。如果您想了解更多关于正则表达式的信息,请考虑本教程。
import re
for form in root.findall("./genre/decade/movie/format"):
# Search for the commas in the format text
match = re.search(',',form.text)
if match:
form.set('multiple','Yes')
else:
form.set('multiple','No')
# Write out the tree to the file again
tree.write("movies.xml")
tree = ET.parse('movies.xml')
root = tree.getroot()
for form in root.findall("./genre/decade/movie/format"):
print(form.attrib, form.text)
输出:
{'multiple': 'No'} DVD
{'multiple': 'Yes'} DVD,Online
{'multiple': 'No'} Blu-ray
{'multiple': 'Yes'} dvd, digital
{'multiple': 'No'} VHS
{'multiple': 'No'} Online
{'multiple': 'No'} DVD
{'multiple': 'No'} DVD
{'multiple': 'No'} blue-ray
{'multiple': 'Yes'} DVD,VHS
{'multiple': 'No'} DVD
{'multiple': 'Yes'} DVD,digital,Netflix
{'multiple': 'Yes'} Online,VHS
{'multiple': 'No'} Blu_Ray
8. 移动元素
一些数据被放置在错误的十年中。使用您所了解的有关 XML 的知识ElementTree来查找和修复十年数据错误。
打印出整个文档中的decade标签和标签会很有用
for decade in root.findall("./genre/decade"):
print(decade.attrib)
for year in decade.findall("./movie/year"):
print(year.text, '\n')
输出:
{'years': '1980s'}
1981
1984
1985
{'years': '1990s'}
2000
1992
1992
{'years': '1970s'}
1979
{'years': '1980s'}
1986
2000
{'years': '1960s'}
1966
{'years': '2010s'}
2010
2011
{'years': '1980s'}
1984
{'years': '1990s'}
1991
错误十年的两年是2000年代的电影。使用 XPath 表达式找出这些电影是什么。
for movie in root.findall("./genre/decade/movie/[year='2000']"):
print(movie.attrib)
输出:
{'favorite': 'False', 'title': 'X-Men'}
{'favorite': 'FALSE', 'title': 'American Psycho'}
您必须在动作类型中添加一个新的十年标签,即 2000 年代,才能移动 X 战警数据。该.SubElement()
方法可用于将此标记添加到 XML 的末尾。
action = root.find("./genre[@category='Action']")
new_dec = ET.SubElement(action, 'decade')
new_dec.attrib["years"] = '2000s'
print(ET.tostring(action, encoding='utf8').decode('utf8'))
输出:
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf8'?>
<genre category="Action">
<decade years="1980s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Indiana Jones: The raiders of the lost Ark">
<format multiple="No">DVD</format>
<year>1981</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>
'Archaeologist and adventurer Indiana Jones
is hired by the U.S. government to find the Ark of the
Covenant before the Nazis.'
</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="True" title="THE KARATE KID">
<format multiple="Yes">DVD,Online</format>
<year>1984</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>None provided.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="False" title="Back to the Future">
<format multiple="No">Blu-ray</format>
<year>1985</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>Marty McFly</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="1990s">
<movie favorite="False" title="X-Men">
<format multiple="Yes">dvd, digital</format>
<year>2000</year>
<rating>PG-13</rating>
<description>Two mutants come to a private academy for their kind whose resident superhero team must
oppose a terrorist organization with similar powers.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="True" title="Batman Returns">
<format multiple="No">VHS</format>
<year>1992</year>
<rating>PG13</rating>
<description>NA.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="False" title="Reservoir Dogs">
<format multiple="No">Online</format>
<year>1992</year>
<rating>R</rating>
<description>WhAtEvER I Want!!!?!</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="2000s" /></genre>
.append()
现在,分别使用和将 X-Men
电影附加到 2000 年代并将其从 1990 年代删除.remove()
。
xmen = root.find("./genre/decade/movie[@title='X-Men']")
dec2000s = root.find("./genre[@category='Action']/decade[@years='2000s']")
dec2000s.append(xmen)
dec1990s = root.find("./genre[@category='Action']/decade[@years='1990s']")
dec1990s.remove(xmen)
print(ET.tostring(action, encoding='utf8').decode('utf8'))
输出:
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf8'?>
<genre category="Action">
<decade years="1980s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Indiana Jones: The raiders of the lost Ark">
<format multiple="No">DVD</format>
<year>1981</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>
'Archaeologist and adventurer Indiana Jones
is hired by the U.S. government to find the Ark of the
Covenant before the Nazis.'
</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="True" title="THE KARATE KID">
<format multiple="Yes">DVD,Online</format>
<year>1984</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>None provided.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="False" title="Back to the Future">
<format multiple="No">Blu-ray</format>
<year>1985</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>Marty McFly</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="1990s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Batman Returns">
<format multiple="No">VHS</format>
<year>1992</year>
<rating>PG13</rating>
<description>NA.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="False" title="Reservoir Dogs">
<format multiple="No">Online</format>
<year>1992</year>
<rating>R</rating>
<description>WhAtEvER I Want!!!?!</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="2000s"><movie favorite="False" title="X-Men">
<format multiple="Yes">dvd, digital</format>
<year>2000</year>
<rating>PG-13</rating>
<description>Two mutants come to a private academy for their kind whose resident superhero team must
oppose a terrorist organization with similar powers.</description>
</movie>
</decade></genre>
9. 构建 XML 文档
很好,所以你基本上可以将整部电影移到新的十年。将更改保存回 XML。
tree.write("movies.xml")
tree = ET.parse('movies.xml')
root = tree.getroot()
print(ET.tostring(root, encoding='utf8').decode('utf8'))
输出:
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf8'?>
<collection>
<genre category="Action">
<decade years="1980s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Indiana Jones: The raiders of the lost Ark">
<format multiple="No">DVD</format>
<year>1981</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>
'Archaeologist and adventurer Indiana Jones
is hired by the U.S. government to find the Ark of the
Covenant before the Nazis.'
</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="True" title="THE KARATE KID">
<format multiple="Yes">DVD,Online</format>
<year>1984</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>None provided.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="False" title="Back to the Future">
<format multiple="No">Blu-ray</format>
<year>1985</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>Marty McFly</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="1990s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Batman Returns">
<format multiple="No">VHS</format>
<year>1992</year>
<rating>PG13</rating>
<description>NA.</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="False" title="Reservoir Dogs">
<format multiple="No">Online</format>
<year>1992</year>
<rating>R</rating>
<description>WhAtEvER I Want!!!?!</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="2000s"><movie favorite="False" title="X-Men">
<format multiple="Yes">dvd, digital</format>
<year>2000</year>
<rating>PG-13</rating>
<description>Two mutants come to a private academy for their kind whose resident superhero team must
oppose a terrorist organization with similar powers.</description>
</movie>
</decade></genre>
<genre category="Thriller">
<decade years="1970s">
<movie favorite="False" title="ALIEN">
<format multiple="No">DVD</format>
<year>1979</year>
<rating>R</rating>
<description>"""""""""</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="1980s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Ferris Bueller's Day Off">
<format multiple="No">DVD</format>
<year>1986</year>
<rating>PG13</rating>
<description>Funny movie about a funny guy</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="FALSE" title="American Psycho">
<format multiple="No">blue-ray</format>
<year>2000</year>
<rating>Unrated</rating>
<description>psychopathic Bateman</description>
</movie>
</decade>
</genre>
<genre category="Comedy">
<decade years="1960s">
<movie favorite="False" title="Batman: The Movie">
<format multiple="Yes">DVD,VHS</format>
<year>1966</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>What a joke!</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="2010s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Easy A">
<format multiple="No">DVD</format>
<year>2010</year>
<rating>PG--13</rating>
<description>Emma Stone = Hester Prynne</description>
</movie>
<movie favorite="True" title="Dinner for SCHMUCKS">
<format multiple="Yes">DVD,digital,Netflix</format>
<year>2011</year>
<rating>Unrated</rating>
<description>Tim (Rudd) is a rising executive
who “succeeds” in finding the perfect guest,
IRS employee Barry (Carell), for his boss’ monthly event,
a so-called “dinner for idiots,” which offers certain
advantages to the exec who shows up with the biggest buffoon.
</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="1980s">
<movie favorite="False" title="Ghostbusters">
<format multiple="Yes">Online,VHS</format>
<year>1984</year>
<rating>PG</rating>
<description>Who ya gonna call?</description>
</movie>
</decade>
<decade years="1990s">
<movie favorite="True" title="Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves">
<format multiple="No">Blu_Ray</format>
<year>1991</year>
<rating>Unknown</rating>
<description>Robin Hood slaying</description>
</movie>
</decade>
</genre>
</collection>
10. 结论
关于 XML 和使用ElementTree.
标签构建树结构并指定应该在那里描述的值。使用智能结构可以轻松读取和写入 XML。标签总是需要左括号和右括号来显示父子关系。
属性进一步描述了如何验证标签或允许布尔指定。属性通常采用非常具体的值,以便 XML 解析器(和用户)可以使用这些属性来检查标记值。
ElementTree是一个重要的 Python 库,可让您解析和导航 XML 文档。使用ElementTree将 XML 文档分解为易于使用的树结构。如有疑问,请将其打印出来 ( print(ET.tostring(root, encoding=‘utf8’).decode(‘utf8’))) - 使用这个有用的打印语句一次查看整个 XML 文档。它有助于检查何时从 XML 中编辑、添加或删除。
参考: