Ubuntu 18.04 LTS安装系统遇到的坑和基本设置及常用软件

系统安装

由于刚接触Linux系统，在学习CentOS7后也想玩一下Ubuntu，随即去官方下载了 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS ISO制作好U盘（推荐使用Rufus制作启动盘）整个安装过程都是图形界面还比较简单

遇到的坑：

因在安装CentsOS7的时候一直都使用的xfs文件系统，所以在安装Ubuntu的时候也手动分区使用了xfs文件系统，装好后硬是引导不了提示：

	GNU GRUB version 2.02~beta2-9ubuntu1.3
Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the firs word, TAB lists possible command completions.
Anywhere else TAB lists possible device or file completions
grub>

采用了网上各种方法：

 1. EFI分区
 2. UEFI启动模式
 3. U盘启动后安装boot-repair修复GRUB启动引导
 4. GPT磁盘格式
 5. 手动引导

以上方法都无效，然后又装了无数遍系统均出现相同问题，无奈只能默认自动分区安装，结果尽然成功进入了桌面，随后查看了一下它的分区类型使用的是ext4，然后在来重新安装一次试试，这次我采用的分区格式为ext4：

第一块固太盘：
	EFI分区：500M
	/分区：50G
	/home分区：剩下的空间
第二块机械盘：
	/data分区：全部空间

果然这次成功进入了系统！所以强烈吐嘈一下网上各种方法都是复制来复制去了，解决不了根本问题，也不分析实质性问题点！

至于为什么Ubuntu无法使用xfs文件系统安装，这还有待去研究，这里就不作深入讨论。

本次实践希望对初学者有帮助，少走弯路吧！

软件更新源的设置

阿里云

也可以去阿里云镜像源查看使用方法

sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/aliyun.list


deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

华为

也可以去华为镜像源查看使用方法

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/huawei.list
 
sudo sed -i "s@http://.*archive.ubuntu.com@http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com@g" /etc/apt/sources.list.d/huawei.list

sudo sed -i "s@http://.*security.ubuntu.com@http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com@g" /etc/apt/sources.list.d/huawei.list

查看一下结果：

cat /etc/apt/sources.list.d/huawei.list

#deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 18.04.3 LTS _Bionic Beaver_ - Release amd64 (20190805)]/ bionic main restricted

# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted
# deb-src http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted
# deb-src http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic universe
# deb-src http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic universe
deb http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates universe
# deb-src http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic multiverse
deb http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates multiverse

## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu bionic partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu bionic partner

deb http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu bionic-security main restricted
# deb-src http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu bionic-security main restricted
deb http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu bionic-security universe
# deb-src http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu bionic-security universe
deb http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu bionic-security multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu bionic-security multiverse

清华大学

也可以去清华大学镜像源查看使用方法

sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/tsinghua.list

# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse

# 预发布软件源，不建议启用
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

中国科学技术大学

也可以去中国科学技术大学镜像源查看使用方法

sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ustc.list

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Not recommended
# deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

网易

也可以去网易镜像源查看使用方法

sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/163.list

deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

更新系统

sudo apt update

sudo apt upgrade -y

reboot

安装五笔输入法和配置

卸载多余的输入法

#卸载ibus。
sudo apt remove ibus im-config
#清除ibus配置。
sudo apt purge ibus -y
#卸载顶部面板任务栏上的键盘指示。
sudo apt remove indicator-keyboard -y
#卸载多余的软件包
sudo apt autoremove -y

安装五笔混拼

#安装
sudo apt install -y fcitx-table-wbpy

#自动启动
fcitx-autostart

#将外观设置皮肤名称改成:darkAllen   然后在将皮肤文件夹复制到/usr/share/fcitx/skin/目录下即可

本次记录就到这里不写太长，基本配置美化，Ubuntu的使用中比较好的地方，我均会这样记录下来，有兴趣可关注我的文章，谢谢！