IDEA中plantUML时序图绘制

时序图(Sequence Diagram)

plantUML网址:http://plantuml.com/sequence-diagram

简单示例(Basic examples)

你可以用 ->来绘制参与者之间传递的消息, 而不必显式地声明参与者。

你也可以使用 "-->" 绘制一个虚线箭头。

另外,你还能用 "<-" 和 "<--",这不影响绘图,但可以提高可读性。 注意:仅适用于时序图,对于其它示意图,规则是不同的。

@startuml
Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response

Alice -> Bob: Another authentication Request
Alice <-- Bob: another authentication Response
@enduml
basic UML sequence diagram

声明参与者(Declaring participant)

关键字 participant 用于改变参与者的先后顺序。

你也可以使用其它关键字来声明参与者:

  • actor
  • boundary
  • control
  • entity
  • database
@startuml
actor Foo1
boundary Foo2
control Foo3
entity Foo4
database Foo5
collections Foo6
Foo1 -> Foo2 : To boundary
Foo1 -> Foo3 : To control
Foo1 -> Foo4 : To entity
Foo1 -> Foo5 : To database
Foo1 -> Foo6 : To collections

@enduml
using different actors in UML sequence diagram

关键字 as 用于重命名参与者

你可以使用RGB值或者颜色名修改 actor 或参与者的背景颜色。

@startuml
actor Bob #red
' The only difference between actor
'and participant is the drawing
participant Alice
participant "I have a really\nlong name" as L #99FF99
/' You can also declare:
   participant L as "I have a really\nlong name"  #99FF99
  '/

Alice->Bob: Authentication Request
Bob->Alice: Authentication Response
Bob->L: Log transaction
@enduml
Long name of actors in UML sequence diagram

在参与者中使用非字母符号(Use non-letters in participants)

你可以使用引号定义参与者,还可以用关键字 as 给参与者定义别名。
@startuml
Alice -> "Bob()" : Hello
"Bob()" -> "This is very\nlong" as Long
' You can also declare:
' "Bob()" -> Long as "This is very\nlong"
Long --> "Bob()" : ok
@enduml
actor can use non-lette character

给自己发消息(Message to self)

参与者可以给自己发信息,

消息文字可以用\n来换行。

@startuml
Alice->Alice: This is a signal to self.\nIt also demonstrates\nmultiline \ntext
@enduml
self message in UML sequence diagram

修改箭头样式(Change arrow style)

修改箭头样式的方式有以下几种:
  • 表示一条丢失的消息:末尾加 x
  • 让箭头只有上半部分或者下半部分:将<>替换成\或者 /
  • 细箭头:将箭头标记写两次 (如 >>//)
  • 虚线箭头:用 -- 替代 -
  • 箭头末尾加圈:->o
  • 双向箭头:<->
@startuml
Bob ->x Alice
Bob -> Alice
Bob ->> Alice
Bob -\ Alice
Bob \\- Alice
Bob //-- Alice

Bob ->o Alice
Bob o\\-- Alice

Bob <-> Alice
Bob <->o Alice
@enduml
example of asynchronous arrows and others in UML sequence diagram

修改箭头颜色(Change arrow color)

你可以用以下记号修改箭头的颜色:
@startuml
Bob -[#red]> Alice : hello
Alice -[#0000FF]->Bob : ok
@enduml
changing arrow colors in UML sequence diagrams

对消息序列编号(Message sequence numbering)

关键字 autonumber 用于自动对消息编号。
@startuml
autonumber
Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response
@enduml
automatic message numbering in UML sequence diagram
语句 autonumber 'start' 用于指定编号的初始值,而 autonumber 'start' 'increment' 可以同时指定编号的初始值和每次增加的值。
@startuml
autonumber
Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response

autonumber 15
Bob -> Alice : Another authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Another authentication Response

autonumber 40 10
Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response

@enduml
change start and increment of automatic numbering in #UML sequence diagram
你可以在双引号内指定编号的格式。

格式是由 Java 的DecimalFormat类实现的: ('0' 表示数字;'\#' 也表示数字,但默认为0)。

你也可以用 HTML 标签来制定格式。

@startuml
autonumber "<b>[000]"
Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response

autonumber 15 "<b>(<u>##</u>)"
Bob -> Alice : Another authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Another authentication Response

autonumber 40 10 "<font color=red><b>Message 0  "
Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response

@enduml
using custom format for automatic numbering
你还可以用语句 autonumber stopautonumber resume 'increment' 'format' 来表示暂停或继续使用自动编号。
@startuml
autonumber 10 10 "<b>[000]"
Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response

autonumber stop
Bob -> Alice : dummy

autonumber resume "<font color=red><b>Message 0  "
Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response

autonumber stop
Bob -> Alice : dummy

autonumber resume 1 "<font color=blue><b>Message 0  "
Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request
Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response
@enduml
stop and resume automatic numbering

分割示意图(Splitting diagrams)

关键字 newpage 用于把一张图分割成多张。

newpage 之后添加文字,作为新的示意图的标题。

这样就能很方便地在 Word 中将长图分几页打印。

@startuml

Alice -> Bob : message 1
Alice -> Bob : message 2

newpage

Alice -> Bob : message 3
Alice -> Bob : message 4

newpage A title for the\nlast page

Alice -> Bob : message 5
Alice -> Bob : message 6
@enduml
split a large UML sequence diagram in several parts part 2 last part

组合消息

我们可以通过以下关键词将组合消息:

  • alt/else
  • opt
  • loop
  • par
  • break
  • critical
  • group, 后面紧跟着消息内容

可以在标头(header)添加需要显示的文字(group除外)。

关键词 end 用来结束分组。

注意,分组可以嵌套使用。

@startuml
Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request

alt successful case

    Bob -> Alice: Authentication Accepted
    
else some kind of failure

    Bob -> Alice: Authentication Failure
    group My own label
    	Alice -> Log : Log attack start
        loop 1000 times
            Alice -> Bob: DNS Attack
        end
    	Alice -> Log : Log attack end
    end
    
else Another type of failure

   Bob -> Alice: Please repeat
   
end
@enduml
group message in UML sequence diagram

给消息添加注释

我们可以通过在消息后面添加 note left 或者 note right 关键词来给消息添加注释。

你也可以通过使用 end note 来添加多行注释。

@startuml
Alice->Bob : hello
note left: this is a first note

Bob->Alice : ok
note right: this is another note

Bob->Bob : I am thinking
note left
	a note
	can also be defined
	on several lines
end note
@enduml
note on message in UML sequence diagram

其他的注释

可以使用 note left ofnote right ofnote over在节点(participant)的相对位置放置注释。

还可以通过修改背景色来高亮显示注释。

以及使用关键字end note来添加多行注释。

@startuml
participant Alice
participant Bob
note left of Alice #aqua
	This is displayed 
	left of Alice. 
end note
 
note right of Alice: This is displayed right of Alice.

note over Alice: This is displayed over Alice.

note over Alice, Bob #FFAAAA: This is displayed\n over Bob and Alice.

note over Bob, Alice
	This is yet another
	example of
	a long note.
end note
@enduml
colored notes in UML sequence diagram

改变备注框的形状

你可以使用 hnoternote 这两个关键字来修改备注框的形状。
@startuml
caller -> server : conReq
hnote over caller : idle
caller <- server : conConf
rnote over server
 "r" as rectangle
 "h" as hexagon
endrnote
@enduml
advanced note shape in UML sequence diagram

Creole和HTML

可以使用creole格式。
@startuml
participant Alice
participant "The **Famous** Bob" as Bob

Alice -> Bob : hello --there--
... Some ~~long delay~~ ...
Bob -> Alice : ok
note left
  This is **bold**
  This is //italics//
  This is ""monospaced""
  This is --stroked--
  This is __underlined__
  This is ~~waved~~
end note

Alice -> Bob : A //well formatted// message
note right of Alice 
 This is <back:cadetblue><size:18>displayed</size></back> 
 __left of__ Alice. 
end note
note left of Bob 
 <u:red>This</u> is <color #118888>displayed</color> 
 **<color purple>left of</color> <s:red>Alice</strike> Bob**. 
end note
note over Alice, Bob
 <w:#FF33FF>This is hosted</w> by <img sourceforge.jpg>
end note 
@enduml
using creole formatting in UML sequence diagram

分隔符

你可以通过使用 == 关键词来将你的图表分割多个步骤。
@startuml

== Initialization ==

Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response

== Repetition ==

Alice -> Bob: Another authentication Request
Alice <-- Bob: another authentication Response

@enduml
put a divider to comment your UML sequence diagram

引用

你可以在图中通过使用 ref over关键词来实现引用
@startuml
participant Alice
actor Bob

ref over Alice, Bob : init

Alice -> Bob : hello

ref over Bob
  This can be on
  several lines
end ref
@enduml
using reference in UML sequence diagram

延迟

你可以使用 ...来表示延迟,并且还可以给延迟添加注释。
@startuml

Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
...
Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response
...5 minutes latter...
Bob --> Alice: Bye !

@enduml
specify delay in UML sequence diagram

空间

你可以使用 |||来增加空间。
还可以使用数字指定增加的像素的数量。
@startuml

Alice -> Bob: message 1
Bob --> Alice: ok
|||
Alice -> Bob: message 2
Bob --> Alice: ok
||45||
Alice -> Bob: message 3
Bob --> Alice: ok

@enduml
adding manual spaces in UML sequence diagram

生命线的激活与撤销

关键字 activatedeactivate用来表示参与者的生命活动。

一旦参与者被激活,它的生命线就会显示出来。

activatedeactivate适用于以上情形。

destroy表示一个参与者的生命线的终结。

@startuml
participant User

User -> A: DoWork
activate A

A -> B: << createRequest >>
activate B

B -> C: DoWork
activate C
C --> B: WorkDone
destroy C

B --> A: RequestCreated
deactivate B

A -> User: Done
deactivate A

@enduml
activation and deactivation of participant in UML sequence diagram

还可以使用嵌套的生命线,并且运行给生命线添加颜色。

@startuml
participant User

User -> A: DoWork
activate A #FFBBBB

A -> A: Internal call
activate A #DarkSalmon

A -> B: << createRequest >>
activate B

B --> A: RequestCreated
deactivate B
deactivate A
A -> User: Done
deactivate A

@enduml
color and nested lifeline in UML sequence diagram

创建参与者

你可以把关键字 create放在第一次接收到消息之前,以强调本次消息实际上是在 创建新的对象。
@startuml
Bob -> Alice : hello

create Other
Alice -> Other : new

create control String
Alice -> String
note right : You can also put notes!

Alice --> Bob : ok

@enduml
participant creation in UML sequence diagram

进入和发出消息

如果只想关注部分图示,你可以使用进入和发出箭头。

使用方括号[]表示图示的左、右两侧。

@startuml
[-> A: DoWork

activate A

A -> A: Internal call
activate A

A ->] : << createRequest >>

A<--] : RequestCreated
deactivate A
[<- A: Done
deactivate A
@enduml
incoming and outgoing messages

还可以使用下面的语法:

@startuml
[-> Bob
[o-> Bob
[o->o Bob
[x-> Bob

[<- Bob
[x<- Bob

Bob ->]
Bob ->o]
Bob o->o]
Bob ->x]

Bob <-]
Bob x<-]
@enduml
other example of incoming and outgoing messages in UML sequence diagram

构造类型和圈点

可以使用 <<>>给参与者添加构造类型。

在构造类型中,你可以使用(X,color)格式的语法添加一个圆圈圈起来的字符。

@startuml

participant "Famous Bob" as Bob << Generated >>
participant Alice << (C,#ADD1B2) Testable >>

Bob->Alice: First message

@enduml
默认使用 guillemet 字符来显示构造类型。 你可以使用外观参数 guillemet 来修改显示行为。
@startuml

skinparam guillemet false
participant "Famous Bob" as Bob << Generated >>
participant Alice << (C,#ADD1B2) Testable >>

Bob->Alice: First message

@enduml
setting guillement for stereotype in UML sequence diagram
@startuml

participant Bob << (C,#ADD1B2) >>
participant Alice << (C,#ADD1B2) >>

Bob->Alice: First message

@enduml
using spots in UML sequence diagram

更多标题信息

你可以在标题中使用creole格式。
@startuml

title __Simple__ **communication** example

Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
Bob -> Alice: Authentication Response

@enduml
adding title to UML sequence diagram
在标题描述中使用 \n表示换行。
@startuml

title __Simple__ communication example\non several lines

Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
Bob -> Alice: Authentication Response

@enduml
example of long title in UML sequence diagram
还可以使用关键字 titleend title定义多行标题。
@startuml

title
 <u>Simple</u> communication example
 on <i>several</i> lines and using <font color=red>html</font>
 This is hosted by <img:sourceforge.jpg>
end title

Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
Bob -> Alice: Authentication Response

@enduml
example of colored title in UML sequence diagram

包裹参与者

可以使用 boxend box画一个盒子将参与者包裹起来。

还可以在box关键字之后添加标题或者背景颜色。

@startuml

box "Internal Service" #LightBlue
	participant Bob
	participant Alice
end box
participant Other

Bob -> Alice : hello
Alice -> Other : hello

@enduml
group and englobe participant in UML sequence diagram
使用 hide footbox关键字移除脚注。
@startuml

hide footbox
title Footer removed

Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request
Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response

@enduml
remove default footer in UML sequence diagram

外观参数(skinparam)

使用 skinparam命令改变颜色和字体。

如下场景可以使用这一命令:

  • 在图示定义中,
  • 在一个包含文件中,
  • 在由命令行或者ANT任务提供的配置文件中。
你也可以修改其他渲染元素,如以下示例:
@startuml
skinparam sequenceArrowThickness 2
skinparam roundcorner 20
skinparam maxmessagesize 60
skinparam sequenceParticipant underline

actor User
participant "First Class" as A
participant "Second Class" as B
participant "Last Class" as C

User -> A: DoWork
activate A

A -> B: Create Request
activate B

B -> C: DoWork
activate C
C --> B: WorkDone
destroy C

B --> A: Request Created
deactivate B

A --> User: Done
deactivate A

@enduml
change round corner and other parameters in UML sequence diagram
@startuml
skinparam backgroundColor #EEEBDC
skinparam handwritten true

skinparam sequence {
	ArrowColor DeepSkyBlue
	ActorBorderColor DeepSkyBlue
	LifeLineBorderColor blue
	LifeLineBackgroundColor #A9DCDF
	
	ParticipantBorderColor DeepSkyBlue
	ParticipantBackgroundColor DodgerBlue
	ParticipantFontName Impact
	ParticipantFontSize 17
	ParticipantFontColor #A9DCDF
	
	ActorBackgroundColor aqua
	ActorFontColor DeepSkyBlue
	ActorFontSize 17
	ActorFontName Aapex
}

actor User
participant "First Class" as A
participant "Second Class" as B
participant "Last Class" as C

User -> A: DoWork
activate A

A -> B: Create Request
activate B

B -> C: DoWork
activate C
C --> B: WorkDone
destroy C

B --> A: Request Created
deactivate B

A --> User: Done
deactivate A

@enduml
set colors and fonts in UML sequence diagram

填充区设置

可以设定填充区的参数配置。
@startuml
skinparam ParticipantPadding 20
skinparam BoxPadding 10

box "Foo1"
participant Alice1
participant Alice2
end box
box "Foo2"
participant Bob1
participant Bob2
end box
Alice1 -> Bob1 : hello
Alice1 -> Out : out
@enduml 
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