一、Explain工具介绍
使用EXPLAIN关键字可以模拟优化器执行SQL语句,分析你的查询语句或是结构的性能瓶颈在 select 语句之前增加 explain 关键字,MySQL 会在查询上设置一个标记,执行查询会返回执行计划的信息,而不是执行这条SQL
注意:如果 from 中包含子查询,仍会执行该子查询,将结果放入临时表中
1. explain分析示例
示例表:
2 DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `actor`;
3 CREATE TABLE `actor` (
4 `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
5 `name` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
6 `update_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
7 PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
8 ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
9
10 INSERT INTO `actor` (`id`, `name`, `update_time`) VALUES (1,'a','2017‐12‐2 2 15:27:18'), (
2,'b','2017‐12‐22 15:27:18'), (3,'c','2017‐12‐22 15:27:18');
11
12 DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `film`;
13 CREATE TABLE `film` (
14 `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
15 `name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
16 PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
17 KEY `idx_name` (`name`)
18 ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
19
20 INSERT INTO `film` (`id`, `name`) VALUES (3,'film0'),(1,'film1'),(2,'film 2');
21
22 DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `film_actor`;
23 CREATE TABLE `film_actor` (
24 `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
25 `film_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
26 `actor_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
27 `remark` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
28 PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
29 KEY `idx_film_actor_id` (`film_id`,`actor_id`)
30 ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
31
32 INSERT INTO `film_actor` (`id`, `film_id`, `actor_id`) VALUES (1,1,1), (2,1,2),(3,2,1);
mysql> explain select * from actor
在查询中每个表会输出一行,如果两个表通过join连接查询,那么会输出两行
2. explain两个变种
mysql> explain extended select * from film where id=1;
mysql> show warnings;
3. explain中的列
explain select * from film where id = 2;
set session optimizer_switch='derived_merge=off'; #关闭mysql5.7新特性对衍生表的合并优化
explain select (select 1 from actor where id = 1) from
(select * from film where id = 1) der;
explain select min(id) from film;
const, system:mysql能对查询的某部分进行优化并将其转化成一个常量(可以看show warnings 的结果)。用于 primary key 或 unique key 的所有列与常数比较时,所以表最多有一个匹配行,读取1次,速度比较快。system是const的特例,表里只有一条元组匹配时为 system
explain extended select * from (select * from film where id = 1) tmp;
explain select * from film where name = 'film1';
2.关联表查询,idx_film_actor_id是film_id和actor_id的联合索引,这里使用到了film_actor 的左边前缀film_id部分。
explain select film_id from film left join film_actor
on film.id = film_actor.film_id;
range:范围扫描通常出现在 in(), between ,> ,<, >= 等操作中。使用一个索引来检索给定范围的行。
explain select * from actor where id > 1;
index:扫描全表索引,这通常比ALL快一些。
explain select * from film;
ALL:即全表扫描,意味着mysql需要从头到尾去查找所需要的行。通常情况下这需要增加索 引来进行优化了
explain select * from actor;
5. possible_keys列
这一列显示查询可能使用哪些索引来查找。 explain 时可能出现 possible_keys 有列,而 key 显示 NULL 的情况,这种情况是因为表中 数据不多,mysql认为索引对此查询帮助不大,选择了全表查询。 如果该列是NULL,则没有相关的索引。在这种情况下,可以通过检查 where 子句看是否可 以创造一个适当的索引来提高查询性能,然后用 explain 查看效果。
explain select * from film_actor where film_id = 2;
1. 字符串
- char(n):n字节长度
- varchar(n):2字节存储字符串长度,如果是utf-8,则长度 3n + 2
2. 数值类型
- tinyint:1字节
- smallint:2字节
- int:4字节
- bigint:8字节
- date:3字节
- timestamp:4字节
- datetime:8字节
explain select film_id from film_actor where film_id = 1;
explain select * from actor where name = 'a';
explain select * from film_actor where film_id > 1;
explain select distinct name from actor;
explain select distinct name from film;
explain select * from actor order by name;
explain select * from film order by name;
explain select min(id) from film;
二、索引最佳实践
1 示例表:
2 CREATE TABLE `employees` (
3 `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
4 `name` varchar(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '姓名',
5 `age` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '年龄',
6 `position` varchar(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '职位',
7 `hire_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '入职时
间',8 PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
9 KEY `idx_name_age_position` (`name`,`age`,`position`) USING BTREE
10 ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='员工记录表';
11
12 INSERT INTO employees(name,age,position,hire_time) VALUES('LiLei',22,'mana
ger',NOW());
13 INSERT INTO employees(name,age,position,hire_time) VALUES('HanMeimei',
23,'dev',NOW());
14 INSERT INTO employees(name,age,position,hire_time)
VALUES('Lucy',23,'dev',NOW());
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22 AND position='manager';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE age = 22 AND position ='manager';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE position = 'manager';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE left(name,3) = 'LiLei';
ALTER TABLE `employees` ADD INDEX `idx_hire_time` (`hire_time`) USING BTREE ;
EXPLAIN select * from employees where date(hire_time) ='2018-09-30';
EXPLAIN select * from employees where hire_time >='2018-09-30 00:00:00' and
hire_time <='2018-09-30 23:59:59';
ALTER TABLE `employees` DROP INDEX `idx_hire_time`;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22 AND
position ='manager';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age > 22 AND
position ='manager';
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 23
AND position ='manager';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 23 AND
position ='manager';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name != 'LiLei';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name like '%Lei';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name like 'Lei%';
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,position FROM employees WHERE name like '%Lei%';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = '1000';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 1000;
ALTER TABLE `employees` ADD INDEX `idx_age` (`age`) USING BTREE ;
explain select * from employees where age >=1 and age <=2000;
explain select * from employees where age >=1 and age <=1000;
explain select * from employees where age >=1001 and age <=2000;
ALTER TABLE `employees` DROP INDEX `idx_age`;