个人银行账户管理c++转Java过程总结

此次Java实验共有六个小任务，由浅入深的通过代码转化过程，使我对Java这门语言有了一个更加直观的了解，在实验过程中也发现并解决了许多问题。接下来让我们一起看一看在这次实验中我收获并学到的小知识。

任务1：储蓄账户类的实现。类的主要功能就是实现 存取现金，结算利息，并且显示账户信息。任务1相对来说比较简单，在代码转化的过程中需要注意的点有：（1）输出方式的改变。（2）类中构造函数的实现——需要调用this方法。（3）若要使算术结果保留小数点后两位，可采用Math.floor()的方法。具体Java代码如下：

package test1;

public class SavingsAccount {//储蓄账户类
	private int id;			//账号	
	private	double balance;		//余额
	private double rate;		//年利率
	private int lastDate;		//上次变更余额的时期
	private double accumulation;//余额按日累加之和
	//获得到指定日期为止的存款金额按日累积值
	private  final double accumulate(int date){
		return accumulation + balance * (date - lastDate);	
	}
	//记录一笔帐，date为日期，amount为金额，desc为说明
	private void record(int date, double amount){
		accumulation = accumulate(date);
		lastDate = date;
		amount = Math.floor(amount * 100 + 0.5) / 100;//保留小数点后两位	
		balance += amount;
		System.out.println(date+"\t#"+id+"\t"+amount+"\t"+balance);
	}
	//构造函数
	public SavingsAccount(int date, int id, double rate){
		lastDate=date;
		this.id=id;
		this.rate=rate;
		balance=0;
		accumulation=0;
		System.out.println(date+"\t#"+id+"is created");			
	}
	public 	int getId() { return id; }
	public double getBalance() { return balance; }
	public double getRate() { return rate; }
	//存入现金
	public void deposit(int date, double amount){
		record(date, amount);
	}
	//取出现金
	public void withdraw(int date, double amount){
		if (amount > getBalance())
			System.out.println( "Error: not enough money");
		else
			record(date, -amount);
	}
	//结算利息，每年1月1日调用一次该函数
	public void settle(int date){
		double interest = accumulate(date) * rate / 365;	
		if (interest != 0)
			record(date, interest);
		accumulation = 0;	
	}
	//显示账户信息
	public void show(){
		System.out.println("#"+id+"\tBalance:"+balance);
	}
	public static void main(String[] args){
		SavingsAccount sa0=new SavingsAccount(1, 21325302,0.015);
		SavingsAccount sa1=new SavingsAccount(1, 58320212, 0.015);
		sa0.deposit(5, 5000);
		sa1.deposit(25, 10000);
		sa0.deposit(45, 5500);
		sa1.withdraw(60, 4000);
		sa0.settle(90);
		sa1.settle(90);
		sa0.show();
		sa1.show();	
	}

}

任务2：任务2相较于任务1，只多了一个所有账户总金额total的计算。但值得注意的是，在c++中total是一个static声明的静态成员，所以在转化为Java时不要忘记这一点，也要将其用static声明，且其的get函数也要声明为静态成员函数。在主函数中调用getToyal()时，直接用“类.get方法”，即SavingsAccount2.getTotal()。因为静态方法在对dao象创建前就存在了,他的使用不依赖对象是否被创建.具体Java代码如下：

package test1;

public class SavingsAccount2 {
	private int id;				
	private	double balance;		
	private double rate;		
	private int lastDate;		
	private double accumulation;
	private static double total;
	private void record(int date, double amount){
		accumulation = accumulate(date);
		lastDate = date;
		amount =Math.floor (amount * 100 + 0.5) / 100;	//保留小数点后两位
		balance += amount;
		total += amount;
		System.out.println(date+"\t#"+id+"\t"+amount+"\t"+balance);
	}
	private  double accumulate(int date){
		return accumulation + balance * (date - lastDate);	
	}

	public SavingsAccount2(int date, int id, double rate){
		
		lastDate=date;
		this.id=id;
		this.rate=rate;
		balance=0;
		accumulation=0;
		System.out.println(date+"\t#"+id+"is created");			
	}
	public static double getTotal(){return total;}
	public 	int getId() { return id; }
	public double getBalance() { return balance; }
	public double getRate() { return rate; }
	public void deposit(int date, double amount){
		record(date, amount);
	}
	public void withdraw(int date, double amount){
		if (amount > getBalance())
			System.out.println( "Error: not enough money");
		else
			record(date, -amount);
	}
	public void settle(int date){
		double interest = accumulate(date) * rate / 365;	//计算年息
		if (interest != 0)
			record(date, interest);
		accumulation = 0;	
	}
	public  void show(){
		System.out.println("#"+id+"\tBalance:"+balance);
	}
	public static void main(String[] args){
		SavingsAccount2 sa0=new SavingsAccount2(1, 21325302,0.015);
		SavingsAccount2 sa1=new SavingsAccount2(1, 58320212, 0.015);
		sa0.deposit(5, 5000);
		sa1.deposit(25, 10000);
		sa0.deposit(45, 5500);
		sa1.withdraw(60, 4000);
		sa0.settle(90);
		sa1.settle(90);
		sa0.show();	
		System.out.println();
		sa1.show();	
		System.out.println();
	
		System.out.println("Total:"+SavingsAccount2.getTotal());
	}

}

任务3：相较于前两个任务，增加了一个日期类（Date),主要功能是  闰年的判断，计算两个日期之间的差值。在储蓄账户类的内部声明了一个Date类的成员，以实现两类之间的联系，另外多加了一个error()函数，用来报告错误信息。在Date类中为方便天数的计算，定义了一个数组——Java的数组定义方法与c++不同，值得注意。具体Java代码如下：

package test1_1;


 class Date{
	private int[] D_B_M = new int[]{0,31,59,90,120,151,181,212,243,273,304,334,365};
	private int year;
	private int month;
	private int day;
	private int totalDays;
	public Date(int year,int month,int day) {
		this.year=year;
		this.month=month;
		this.day=day;
		if(day<=0||day>getMaxDay()) {
			System.out.println("InValid:");
			show();
			System.out.println("\n");
			System.exit(1);
		}
		int years=year-1;
		totalDays=years * 365 + years / 4 - years / 100 + years / 400
				+ D_B_M[month - 1] + day;
		if (isLeapYear() && month > 2) totalDays++;
	}
	public int getYear() {return year;}
	public int getMonth() {return month;}
	public int getDay() {return day;}
	public int getMaxDay(){
		if(isLeapYear()&&month==2)
			return 29;
		else
			return D_B_M[month]-D_B_M[month-1];
		
	}
	public boolean isLeapYear(){
		return year%4==0&&year%100!=0||year%400==0; 
		
	}
	public void show() {
		System.out.println(getYear()+"-"+getMonth()+"-"+getDay());
	}
	public int distance(Date date) {
		return totalDays-date.totalDays;
	}
	
	
}
public class SavingsAccount3 {
	private String id;				
	private	double balance;		
	private double rate;		
	private Date lastDate;		
	private double accumulation;
	private static double total=0;
	private void record(Date date, double amount,String desc){
		accumulation = accumulate(date);
		lastDate = date;
		amount = Math.floor(amount * 100 + 0.5) / 100;	//保留小数点后两位
		balance += amount;
		total += amount;
		date.show();
		System.out.println("\t#"+id+"\t"+amount+"\t"+balance+desc+"\n");
	}
	private void error(String msg) {
		System.out.println("Error(#"+id+")"+msg+"\n");
	}
	private  double accumulate(Date date){
		return accumulation + balance * date.distance(lastDate);	
	}	
	public SavingsAccount3(Date date, String id, double rate){
		
		lastDate=date;
		this.id=id;
		this.rate=rate;
		balance=0;
		accumulation=0;
		date.show();
		System.out.println("\t#"+id+"is created"+"\n");			
	}
	public static double getTotal(){return total;}
	public 	String getId() { return id; }
	public double getBalance() { return balance; }
	public double getRate() { return rate; }
	
	public void deposit(Date date, double amount,String desc)
	{record(date,amount,desc);}
	public void withdraw(Date date, double amount,String desc){
		if (amount > getBalance())
			error( "not enough money");
		else
			record(date, -amount,desc);
	}
	public void settle(Date date){
		Date d=new Date(date.getYear()-1,1,1);
		double interest = accumulate(date) * rate 
				/date.distance(d) ;	//计算年息
		if (interest != 0)
			record(date, interest," interest");
		accumulation = 0;	
	}
	public  void show(){
		System.out.println("#"+id+"\tBalance:"+balance);
	}
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Date date=new Date(2008, 11, 1);
		SavingsAccount3 accounts[] = {
				new SavingsAccount3(date, "S3755217", 0.015),
				new SavingsAccount3(date, "02342342", 0.015)
			};
		
			 int n = 2;//账户总数
			//11月份的几笔账目
			 Date d1=new Date(2008,11,5);
			accounts[0].deposit(d1, 5000, "salary");
			Date d2=new Date(2008, 11, 25);
			accounts[1].deposit(d2, 10000, " sell stock 0323");
			//12月份的几笔账目
			Date d3=new Date(2008, 12, 5);
			accounts[0].deposit(d3, 5500, " salary");
                        Date d4=new Date(2008,12,20);
			accounts[1].withdraw(d4, 4000, " buy a laptop");

			//结算所有账
			System.out.println("\n");
			Date d5=new Date(2009, 1, 1);
			
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
				accounts[i].settle(d5);
				accounts[i].show();
				System.out.println("\n");
			}
			System.out.println("Total:"+SavingsAccount3.getTotal());
			
		
	}
	
}

任务4：相较于前面的任务，难度有了很大的提升，不仅增加了Accumulator类来获得日期date的累加结果，相当于累加器的功能。更是运用的继承的方法，新增了父类Account类，有两个子类：储蓄账户类和信用账户类，值得注意的是：(1)此时父类供派生类调用的函数前的修饰符是protected;(2)派生类调用父类方法时采用super()方法；采用继承方法的好处：在原有的方法和属性的基础上增加了新的属性和方法；使程序的功能更加完善；相关类间的层次结构更加清晰；大大增加了程序的重用性和易维护性。由于代码过长，只取部分Java代码如下：

//累计器
class Accumulator {	
	private Date lastDate;	//上次变更数值的时期
	private double value;	//数值的当前值
	private double sum;	//将某个数值按日累加	
		//构造函数，date为开始累加的日期，value为初始值
	public Accumulator( Date date, double value) { 
		this.lastDate=date;
		this.value=value;
		this.sum=0;
	}

		//获得到日期date的累加结果
	public double getSum( Date date)  {
		return sum + value * date.distance(lastDate);
		}

		//在date将数值变更为value
	public	void change( Date date, double value) {
			sum = getSum(date);
			lastDate = date;
			this.value = value;
		}

		//初始化，将日期变为date，数值变为value，累加器清零
	public	void reset( Date date, double value) {
			lastDate = date;
			this.value = value;
			sum = 0;
		}
}

//账户类——父类
class Account{
	private String id;				
	private	double balance;		
	private static double total=0;
	protected Account(Date date,String id){
		this.id=id;
		this.balance=0;
		date.show();
		System.out.println("\t#"+id+" created"+"\n");	
	}
	protected void record(Date date, double amount,String desc){
		amount = Math.floor(amount * 100 + 0.5) / 100;	//保留小数点后两位
		balance += amount;
		total += amount;
		date.show();
		System.out.println("\t#"+id+"\t"+amount+"\t"+balance+desc+"\n");
		System.out.println();
		
	}
	protected void error(String msg) {
		System.out.println("Error(#"+id+"):"+msg+"\n");
		
	}
	
	public static double getTotal(){return total;}
	public 	String getId() { return id; }
	public double getBalance() { return balance; }
	public void show() {
		System.out.println(id+"\tBalance:"+balance);
	}
}
//储蓄账户类——子类
class SavingsAccount extends Account{
	private Accumulator acc;
	private double rate;
	public SavingsAccount( Date date, String id, double rate) {
		super(date,id);
		this.rate=rate;
		acc=new Accumulator(date,0);
		
	}
	public double getRate()  { return rate; }
	//存入现金
	public void deposit(Date date, double amount, String desc) {
		record(date,amount,desc);
		acc.change(date, getBalance());
	}
	//取出现金
	public void withdraw(Date date, double amount, String desc) {
		if (amount > getBalance())
			error( "not enough money");
		else {
			record(date, -amount,desc);
			acc.change(date, getBalance());
		}			
	}
	//结算利息，每年1月1日调用一次该函数
	public void settle( Date date) {
	
		double interest = acc.getSum(date) * rate 
				/date.distance(new Date(date.getYear()-1,1,1)) ;	//计算年息
		if (interest != 0)
			record(date, interest," interest");
		acc.reset(date, getBalance());
	}
}
//信用账户类——子类
class CreditAccount extends Account{
	private Accumulator acc;	//辅助计算利息的累加器
	private double credit;		//信用额度
	private double rate;		//欠款的日利率
	private double fee;			//信用卡年费

	private double getDebt()  {	//获得欠款额
		double balance = getBalance();
		return (balance < 0 ? balance : 0);
	}
	public CreditAccount(Date date, String id, double credit, double rate, double fee) {
		super(date,id);
		this.credit=credit;
		this.rate=rate;
		this.fee=fee;
		acc=new Accumulator(date,0) ;
	}
	public double getCredit() { return credit; }
	public double getRate()  { return rate; }
	public double getFee()  { return fee; }
	public double getAvailableCredit()  {	//获得可用信用
		if (getBalance() < 0) 
			return credit + getBalance();
		else
			return credit;
	}
	//存入现金
	public void deposit( Date date, double amount, String desc) {
		record(date, amount,desc);
		acc.change(date, getDebt());
		
	}
	//取出现金
	public void withdraw(Date date, double amount, String desc) {
		if (amount-getBalance()>credit)
			error( "not enough credit");
		else {
			record(date, -amount,desc);
			acc.change(date, getDebt());
		}				
	}
	//结算利息和年费，每月1日调用一次该函数
	public void settle( Date date) {
		double interest = acc.getSum(date) * rate ;
		if (interest != 0)
			record(date, interest," interest");
		if(date.getMonth()==1)
			record(date,-fee,"annual fee");
		acc.reset(date, getDebt());
	}

	public void show() {
		super.show();
		System.out.println("\tAvailable credit:"+getAvailableCredit());	
	}
}

任务5：同任务4在类的功能上没有太大的不同，只是在主函数的实现中，增加了菜单功能，和自行创建账户的功能。此时需要注意的点有：(1)需要转化的c++代码中父类出现了虚函数，由于java中没有虚函数的概念，但是有抽象类的概念，所以要求我们将父类定义为抽象类用关键字abstract修饰，同时类中的虚函数也需要用abstract修饰。(2)由于主函数的菜单部分需要键盘输入，这就需要用到Scanner方法，引入import java.util.Scanner;模块，在输入时定义一个Scanner对象引用，通过引用实现对不同数据类型的输入，同时在最后，需要用“引用.close()"关闭方法，这是我在实验过程中感觉最难的一点。部分代码如下：

abstract class Account {
	private String id;//账号
	private double balance;//余额
	private static double total = 0;//所有账户的总金额
	//供派生类调用的构造函数，id为账户
	protected Account(final Date date,final String id) {
		this.id = id;
		this.balance = 0;
		date.show();
		System.out.println(id + " created");
	}
	//记录一笔账，date为日期，amount为金额，desc为说明
	protected void record(final Date date,double amount,final String desc) {
		balance += amount;
		total += amount;
		date.show();
		System.out.println(id + "  " + amount + "  " + balance + "  " + desc);
	}
	//报告错误信息
	protected void error(final String msg) {
		System.out.println("Error(#" + id + "):" + msg);
	}
	public String GetId() {
		return id;
	}
	public double GetBalance() {
		return balance;
	}
	public static double GetTotal() {
		return total;
	}
	public void show() {
		System.out.println(id + " Balance:" + balance);
	}
	//取出现金，date为日期，amount为金额，desc为款项说明
	abstract void withdraw(final Date date,double amount,final String desc);
	//存入现金，date为日期，amount为金额，desc为款项说明
	abstract void deposit(final Date date,double amount,final String desc);
	//结算（计算利息、年费等），每月结算一次，date为结算日期
	abstract void settle(final Date date);
}

 

public class a5 {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Date date = new Date(2008, 11, 1);	//起始日期
		//建立几个账户
		SavingsAccount sa1 = new SavingsAccount(date, "S3755217", 0.015);
		SavingsAccount sa2 = new SavingsAccount(date, "02342342", 0.015);
		CreditAccount ca = new CreditAccount(date, "C5392394", 10000, 0.0005, 50);
		Account[] accounts = new Account[]{ sa1, sa2, ca };
		 int n = accounts.length;//账户总数
		System.out.println("(d)deposit (w)withdraw (s)show (c)change day (n)next month (e)exit");
		char cmd;
		Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
		do {
			//显示日期和总金额
			date.show();
			System.out.println("\tTotal: " + Account.getTotal() + "\tcommand>");
			int index, day;
			double amount;
			String desc;
			cmd= in.next().charAt(0);
			switch (cmd) {
			case 'd':	//存入现金
				index = in.nextInt();
				amount = in.nextDouble();
				desc = in.nextLine();
				accounts[index].deposit(date, amount, desc);
				break;
			case 'w':	//取出现金
				index = in.nextInt();
				amount = in.nextDouble();
				desc = in.nextLine();
				accounts[index].withdraw(date, amount, desc);
				break;
			case 's':	//查询各账户信息
				for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
					System.out.println("[" + i + "]");
					accounts[i].show();
				}
				break;
			case 'c':	//改变日期
				day = in.nextInt();
				if (day < date.getDay()) {
					System.out.println("You cannot specify a previous day");
				}
				else if (day > date.getMaxDay()) {
					System.out.println("Invalid day");
				}
				else
					date = new Date(date.getYear(), date.getMonth(), day);
				break;
			case 'n':	//进入下个月
				if (date.getMonth() == 12) {
					date = new Date(date.getYear() + 1, 1, 1);
				}
				else {
					date = new Date(date.getYear(), date.getMonth() + 1, 1);
				}
				for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
					accounts[i].settle(date);
				break;
			}
		} while (cmd != 'e');
		in.close();
	}
}

任务6：任务6的主要难点就是在c++源代码中有类模板的应用，对于将这部分代码转换成Java代码有些疑惑，经过在网上的查阅及同学之间的交流，发现只需增添"ArrayList<Account> accounts = new ArrayList<Account>(0);"便可解决此问题。同时采用了异常声明，确保程序能正常运行。部分代码如下：

public class a6 {

	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
		Date date = new Date(2008, 11, 1);	//起始日期
		ArrayList<Account> accounts = new ArrayList<Account>(0);	//创建账户数组，元素个数为0
		System.out.println("(a)add account (d)deposit (w)withdraw (s)show (c)change day (n)next month (e)exit");
		char cmd;
		Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
		do {
			//显示日期和总金额
			date.show();
			System.out.println("\tTotal:" + Account.getTotal() + "\tcommand>");
			char type;
			int index, day;
			double amount, credit, rate, fee;
			String id, desc;
	
			cmd= in.next().charAt(0);
			switch (cmd) {
			case 'a':	//增加账户
				type = (char)System.in.read();
				id = in.next();
				if (type == 's') {
					rate = in.nextDouble();
					accounts.add(new SavingsAccount(date, id, rate));
				} else {
					credit = in.nextDouble();
					rate = in.nextDouble();
					fee = in.nextDouble();
					accounts.add (new CreditAccount(date, id, credit, rate, fee));
				}
				
				break;
			case 'd':	//存入现金
				index = in.nextInt();
				amount = in.nextDouble();
				desc = in.nextLine();
				accounts.get(index).deposit(date, amount, desc);
				break;
			case 'w':	//取出现金
				index = in.nextInt();
				amount = in.nextDouble();
				desc = in.nextLine();				
				accounts.get(index).withdraw(date, amount, desc);
				break;
			case 's':	//查询各账户信息
				for (int i = 0; i < accounts.size(); i++) {
					System.out.println("[" + i + "]");
					accounts.get(i).show();
					System.out.println("\n");
				}
				break;
			case 'c':	//改变日期
				day = in.nextInt();
				if (day < date.getDay())
					System.out.println("You cannot specify a previous day");
				else if (day > date.getMaxDay())
					System.out.println("Invalid day");
				else
					date = new Date(date.getYear(), date.getMonth(), day);
				break;
			case 'n':	//进入下个月
				if (date.getMonth() == 12)
					date = new Date(date.getYear() + 1, 1, 1);
				else
					date = new Date(date.getYear(), date.getMonth() + 1, 1);
				for (int i = 0; i < accounts.size(); i++)
					accounts.get(i).settle(date);
				break;
			}
		} while (cmd != 'e');
		for (int i = 0; i < accounts.size(); i++)
			accounts.remove(i);
		in.close();
	}
	
}