设备驱动杂记

1、  大部分的编程问题其实可以划分为 2 个部分，提供什么能力（机制）和如何使用这些能力（策略）。如果这两方面由程序的不同部分来表达，或者甚至由不同的程序共同表达，软件包时非常揉弄故意开发和适应特殊的需求。

2、  一个设备驱动可以只包含 <linux/sched.h> 并且引用当前进程。

3、  在内核中可以通过包含头文件 <linux/sched.h> 后使用 current 来使用当前进程的信息。

例如，下面的语句打印了当前进程的进程 ID 和命令名称。

Printk(KERN_INFO “The process is /” %s/” (pid %i) /n”),current->comm.,current->pid);

 

Current 并不是一个真正的全局变量，它定义在 arch/***/include/asm 的 current.h 文件中，定义如下：

static __always_inline struct task_struct *get_current(void)

{

                            return percpu_read_stable(current_task);

}

#define current get_current()

以上定义使得 current 为指向 task_struct 结构的指针。

Task_struct 结构如下：

 

struct task_struct {

     volatile long state;  /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */

     void *stack;

     atomic_t usage;

     unsigned int flags;   /* per process flags, defined below */

     unsigned int ptrace;

 

     int lock_depth;                   /* BKL lock depth */

 

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP

#ifdef __ARCH_WANT_UNLOCKED_CTXSW

     int oncpu;

#endif

#endif

 

     int prio, static_prio, normal_prio;

     unsigned int rt_priority;

     const struct sched_class *sched_class;

     struct sched_entity se;

     struct sched_rt_entity rt;

 

#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_NOTIFIERS

     /* list of struct preempt_notifier: */

     struct hlist_head preempt_notifiers;

#endif

 

     /*

       * fpu_counter contains the number of consecutive context switches

       * that the FPU is used. If this is over a threshold, the lazy fpu

       * saving becomes unlazy to save the trap. This is an unsigned char

       * so that after 256 times the counter wraps and the behavior turns

       * lazy again; this to deal with bursty apps that only use FPU for

       * a short time

       */

     unsigned char fpu_counter;

#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IO_TRACE

     unsigned int btrace_seq;

#endif

 

     unsigned int policy;

     cpumask_t cpus_allowed;

 

#ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU

     int rcu_read_lock_nesting;

     char rcu_read_unlock_special;

     struct rcu_node *rcu_blocked_node;

     struct list_head rcu_node_entry;

#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU */

 

#if defined(CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS) || defined(CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT)

     struct sched_info sched_info;

#endif

 

     struct list_head tasks;

     struct plist_node pushable_tasks;

 

     struct mm_struct *mm, *active_mm;

#if defined(SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING)

     struct task_rss_stat        rss_stat;

#endif

/* task state */

     int exit_state;

     int exit_code, exit_signal;

     int pdeath_signal;  /*  The signal sent when the parent dies  */

     /* ??? */

     unsigned int personality;

     unsigned did_exec:1;

     unsigned in_execve:1;     /* Tell the LSMs that the process is doing an

                                   * execve */

     unsigned in_iowait:1;

 

 

     /* Revert to default priority/policy when forking */

     unsigned sched_reset_on_fork:1;

 

  // 进程标识号

  // 在内核中 pid 对进程而言是进程号，对于线程而言是线程号，同一进程的不同线程的 pid 是不同的，但是同一进程的不同线程有统一的 tgid

     pid_t pid;

     pid_t tgid;

 

#ifdef CONFIG_CC_STACKPROTECTOR

     /* Canary value for the -fstack-protector gcc feature */

     unsigned long stack_canary;

#endif

 

     /*

       * pointers to (original) parent process, youngest child, younger sibling,

       * older sibling, respectively.  (p->father can be replaced with

       * p->real_parent->pid)

       */

     struct task_struct *real_parent; /* real parent process */

     struct task_struct *parent; /* recipient of SIGCHLD, wait4() reports */

     /*

       * children/sibling forms the list of my natural children

       */

     struct list_head children;         /* list of my children */

     struct list_head sibling;   /* linkage in my parent's children list */

     struct task_struct *group_leader; /* threadgroup leader */

 

     /*

       * ptraced is the list of tasks this task is using ptrace on.

       * This includes both natural children and PTRACE_ATTACH targets.

       * p->ptrace_entry is p's link on the p->parent->ptraced list.

       */

     struct list_head ptraced;

     struct list_head ptrace_entry;

 

     /*

       * This is the tracer handle for the ptrace BTS extension.

       * This field actually belongs to the ptracer task.

       */

     struct bts_context *bts;

 

     /* PID/PID hash table linkage. */

     struct pid_link pids[PIDTYPE_MAX];

     struct list_head thread_group;

 

     struct completion *vfork_done;                /* for vfork() */

     int __user *set_child_tid;                 /* CLONE_CHILD_SETTID */

     int __user *clear_child_tid;              /* CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID */

 

     cputime_t utime, stime, utimescaled, stimescaled;

     cputime_t gtime;

#ifndef CONFIG_VIRT_CPU_ACCOUNTING

     cputime_t prev_utime, prev_stime;

#endif

     unsigned long nvcsw, nivcsw; /* context switch counts */

     struct timespec start_time;            /* monotonic time */

     struct timespec real_start_time;   /* boot based time */

/* mm fault and swap info: this can arguably be seen as either mm-specific or thread-specific */

     unsigned long min_flt, maj_flt;

 

     struct task_cputime cputime_expires;

     struct list_head cpu_timers[3];

 

/* process credentials */

     const struct cred *real_cred; /* objective and real subjective task

                                            * credentials (COW) */

     const struct cred *cred;  /* effective (overridable) subjective task

                                            * credentials (COW) */

     struct mutex cred_guard_mutex;   /* guard against foreign influences on

                                            * credential calculations

                                            * (notably. ptrace) */

     struct cred *replacement_session_keyring; /* for KEYCTL_SESSION_TO_PARENT */

 

  // 进程正在运行的可执行文件名称

     char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN]; /* executable name excluding path

                                      - access with [gs]et_task_comm (which lock

                                        it with task_lock())

                                      - initialized normally by setup_new_exec */

/* file system info */

     int link_count, total_link_count;

#ifdef CONFIG_SYSVIPC

/* ipc stuff */

     struct sysv_sem sysvsem;

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK

/* hung task detection */

     unsigned long last_switch_count;

#endif

/* CPU-specific state of this task */

     struct thread_struct thread;

/* filesystem information */

     struct fs_struct *fs;

/* open file information */

     struct files_struct *files;

/* namespaces */

     struct nsproxy *nsproxy;

/* signal handlers */

     struct signal_struct *signal;

     struct sighand_struct *sighand;

 

     sigset_t blocked, real_blocked;

     sigset_t saved_sigmask;          /* restored if set_restore_sigmask() was used */

     struct sigpending pending;

 

     unsigned long sas_ss_sp;

     size_t sas_ss_size;

     int (*notifier)(void *priv);

     void *notifier_data;

     sigset_t *notifier_mask;

     struct audit_context *audit_context;

#ifdef CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL

     uid_t loginuid;

     unsigned int sessionid;

#endif

     seccomp_t seccomp;

 

/* Thread group tracking */

          u32 parent_exec_id;

          u32 self_exec_id;

/* Protection of (de-)allocation: mm, files, fs, tty, keyrings, mems_allowed,

  * mempolicy */

     spinlock_t alloc_lock;

 

#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_HARDIRQS

     /* IRQ handler threads */

     struct irqaction *irqaction;

#endif

 

     /* Protection of the PI data structures: */

     raw_spinlock_t pi_lock;

 

#ifdef CONFIG_RT_MUTEXES

     /* PI waiters blocked on a rt_mutex held by this task */

     struct plist_head pi_waiters;

     /* Deadlock detection and priority inheritance handling */

     struct rt_mutex_waiter *pi_blocked_on;

#endif

 

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES

     /* mutex deadlock detection */

     struct mutex_waiter *blocked_on;

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS

     unsigned int irq_events;

     unsigned long hardirq_enable_ip;

     unsigned long hardirq_disable_ip;

     unsigned int hardirq_enable_event;

     unsigned int hardirq_disable_event;

     int hardirqs_enabled;

     int hardirq_context;

     unsigned long softirq_disable_ip;

     unsigned long softirq_enable_ip;

     unsigned int softirq_disable_event;

     unsigned int softirq_enable_event;

     int softirqs_enabled;

     int softirq_context;

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP

# define MAX_LOCK_DEPTH 48UL

     u64 curr_chain_key;

     int lockdep_depth;

     unsigned int lockdep_recursion;

     struct held_lock held_locks[MAX_LOCK_DEPTH];

     gfp_t lockdep_reclaim_gfp;

#endif

 

/* journalling filesystem info */

     void *journal_info;

 

/* stacked block device info */

     struct bio_list *bio_list;

 

/* VM state */

     struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state;

 

     struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info;

 

     struct io_context *io_context;

 

     unsigned long ptrace_message;

     siginfo_t *last_siginfo; /* For ptrace use.  */

     struct task_io_accounting ioac;

#if defined(CONFIG_TASK_XACCT)

     u64 acct_rss_mem1;       /* accumulated rss usage */

     u64 acct_vm_mem1;       /* accumulated virtual memory usage */

     cputime_t acct_timexpd;         /* stime + utime since last update */

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_CPUSETS

     nodemask_t mems_allowed;  /* Protected by alloc_lock */

     int cpuset_mem_spread_rotor;

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUPS

     /* Control Group info protected by css_set_lock */

     struct css_set *cgroups;

     /* cg_list protected by css_set_lock and tsk->alloc_lock */

     struct list_head cg_list;

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_FUTEX

     struct robust_list_head __user *robust_list;

#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT

     struct compat_robust_list_head __user *compat_robust_list;

#endif

     struct list_head pi_state_list;

     struct futex_pi_state *pi_state_cache;

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_PERF_EVENTS

     struct perf_event_context *perf_event_ctxp;

     struct mutex perf_event_mutex;

     struct list_head perf_event_list;

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA

     struct mempolicy *mempolicy;        /* Protected by alloc_lock */

     short il_next;

#endif

     atomic_t fs_excl;     /* holding fs exclusive resources */

     struct rcu_head rcu;

 

     /*

       * cache last used pipe for splice

       */

     struct pipe_inode_info *splice_pipe;

#ifdef    CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT

     struct task_delay_info *delays;

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_FAULT_INJECTION

     int make_it_fail;

#endif

     struct prop_local_single dirties;

#ifdef CONFIG_LATENCYTOP

     int latency_record_count;

     struct latency_record latency_record[LT_SAVECOUNT];

#endif

     /*

       * time slack values; these are used to round up poll() and

       * select() etc timeout values. These are in nanoseconds.

       */

     unsigned long timer_slack_ns;

     unsigned long default_timer_slack_ns;

 

     struct list_head        *scm_work_list;

#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER

     /* Index of current stored address in ret_stack */

     int curr_ret_stack;

     /* Stack of return addresses for return function tracing */

     struct ftrace_ret_stack   *ret_stack;

     /* time stamp for last schedule */

     unsigned long long ftrace_timestamp;

     /*

       * Number of functions that haven't been traced

       * because of depth overrun.

       */

     atomic_t trace_overrun;

     /* Pause for the tracing */

     atomic_t tracing_graph_pause;

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_TRACING

     /* state flags for use by tracers */

     unsigned long trace;

     /* bitmask of trace recursion */

     unsigned long trace_recursion;

#endif /* CONFIG_TRACING */

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR /* memcg uses this to do batch job */

     struct memcg_batch_info {

              int do_batch;   /* incremented when batch uncharge started */

              struct mem_cgroup *memcg; /* target memcg of uncharge */

              unsigned long bytes;                /* uncharged usage */

              unsigned long memsw_bytes; /* uncharged mem+swap usage */

     } memcg_batch;

#endif

};

 

4、  lsmod 通过读取 /proc/modules 虚拟文件工作，当前加载的模块的信息也可在位于 /sys/module 的 sysfs 虚拟文件系统中找到。

5、  查看一个内核模块 ***.ko 究竟包含哪些符号？

nm –l ***.ko

6、  查看内核符号表

cat /proc/kallsyms

7、  导出符号的两种方式：

     EXPORT_SYMBOL(get_process_info);

EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(get_process_info_gpl);

8、  查看模块信息

modinfo ***.ko

9、  内核加载时传递参数

需要如下几个步骤：

     <1> 、在内核中添加如下语句：

                                static char * whom = "xu_guo";

int howmany = 1;

module_param(whom,charp,S_IRUGO);

module_param(howmany,int,S_IRUGO);

            <2> 、加载时如下方式执行：

                      Insmod e1.ko whom=”xu” howmany=10  <enter>

10、              模块加载时的数组参数传递方式：

     Module_param_array(name,type,num,perm);

如果确实需要一个没有出现在上面列表中的类型，在模块代码里有钩子会允许你来定义它们。

11 、每个 PCI 外设有一个总线号，一个设备号，一个功能标识号。