本文介绍PowerShell中处理字符串的方法，包括使用正则表达式替换特定字符、调整数字序列及抽取Markdown标题等内容。通过实际案例展示如何高效地完成字符串操作。
文章目录
powershell 处理字符串
demos
替换第一个空格为等号
-
方法1:
$string = "abc def gh" $index = $string.IndexOf(' ') if ($index -ge 0) { $string = $string.Remove($index, 1).Insert($index, '=') } -
方法2:(使用正则替换,注意使用分组引用,使用单引号而不应该使用双引号)
$string -replace "(^.*?) ", '$1=' #或 $string -replace "^(.*?)\s(.*)", '$1=$2' #或全部用单引号 $string -replace '^(.*?)\s(.*)', '$1=$2'
实例:替换掉第一个dall($)符号
PS D:\repos\blogs> '$abc=$env;othercontent' -replace '(\$)(.*)','$global:$2'
#结果:
$global:abc=$env;othercontent
实例:调整数字序列字符串
- 本例中需要小心backreference 引用变量 1 和字符 2 在书写模板的时候需要区分 ; 通过 1和字符2在书写模板的时候需要区分;通过 1和字符2在书写模板的时候需要区分;通过{1}来避免$1字符2被解读为$12,这将造成意外的效果
PS D:\repos\blogs> "1 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 3" -replace '(.*?1.*?1.*?)1(.*)', '${1}2$2'
1 1 2 3 3 1 3 1 3
PS D:\repos\blogs> "1 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 3" -replace '(.*?1.*?1.*?)1(.*)', '$12$2'
$12 3 3 1 3 1 3
学习过程
PS C:\Users\cxxu> help "-replace"
Name Category Module Synopsis
---- -------- ------ --------
Rename-Item Cmdlet Microsoft.PowerShell.Man… Renames an item in a PowerShell provider namespa…
Set-Content Cmdlet Microsoft.PowerShell.Man… Writes new content or replaces existing content …
Get-Date Cmdlet Microsoft.PowerShell.Uti… Gets the current date and time.
about_Comparison_Operators HelpFile
about_Operators HelpFile
about_Operator_Precedence HelpFile
about_Regular_Expressions HelpFile
about_Mocking HelpFile Pester provides a set of Mocking functions makin…
about_Pester HelpFile Pester is a BDD based test runner for PowerShell.
PS C:\Users\cxxu> help about_Operators| sls -Pattern "replace"
InputStream:51:The comparison operators also include operators that find or replace
InputStream:52:patterns in text. The (-match, -notmatch, -replace) operators use regular
InputStream:473:You can use the ternary operator as a replacement for the if-else statement
PS C:\Users\cxxu> help about_Regular_Expressions |sls -Pattern "-replace"
InputStream:26:- -match and -replace operators
InputStream:328:Using the regular expressions with the -replace operator allows you to
InputStream:331:<input> -replace <original>, <substitute>
InputStream:348: 'John D. Smith' -replace '(\w+) (\w+)\. (\w+)', '$1.$2.$3@contoso.com'
InputStream:354: 'CONTOSO\Administrator' -replace '\w+\\(?<user>\w+)', 'FABRIKAM\${user}'
InputStream:360: 'Gobble' -replace 'Gobble', '$& $&'
InputStream:368: 'Hello World' -replace '(\w+) \w+', '$1 Universe'
InputStream:369: "Hello World" -replace "(\w+) \w+", "`$1 Universe"
InputStream:378: '5.72' -replace '(.+)', '$$$1'
InputStream:379: "5.72" -replace "(.+)", "`$`$`$1"
- 经过上述查找,我们可以到about_Regular_Expressions 中一探究竟.
字符串相关操作符
- 这些操作符大多支持对字符串元素和字符串构成的数组进行操作(后者相当于自动遍历)
- split
将指定的多种字符作为分隔符
-
PS D:\repos\scripts> $s='test_b test b' PS D:\repos\scripts> $s -split {$_ -eq " " -or $_ -eq "="},2 test_b test b
-contains@-match
-
containment-operators|about Comparison Operators - PowerShell | Microsoft Learn
-
matching-operators|about Comparison Operators - PowerShell | Microsoft Learn
-
PS D:\repos\scripts> $s='test_b test b' PS D:\repos\scripts> $s -contains ' ' False PS D:\repos\scripts> $s -match '\s' True PS D:\repos\scripts> $s.contains(' ') True -
The
-containsoperator in PowerShell checks if a collection of objects contains a specified object. -
In the example you provided,
$sis a string, not a collection of objects. Therefore, the-containsoperator will not work as expected. Instead, you can use the-matchoperator with a regular expression to check if the string contains a space. -
For example, if you want to check if the string “test_b test b” contains a space, you can use the following code:
"test_b test b" -match '\s'. This will returnTrueif the string contains a space andFalseotherwise.
通配符和正则表达式
-
The matching operators (
-like,-notlike,-match, and-notmatch) find elements that match or don’t match a specified pattern.- The pattern for
-likeand-notlikeis a wildcard expression (containing*,?, and[ ]), - while
-matchand-notmatchaccept a regular expression (Regex).
- The pattern for
-
语法
-
<string[]> -like <wildcard-expression> <string[]> -notlike <wildcard-expression> <string[]> -match <regular-expression> <string[]> -notmatch <regular-expression>
-
Replacement
-replace,-ireplace,-creplace- replaces strings matching a regex pattern- about Comparison Operators - PowerShell | Microsoft Learn
-replace 操作符
-
powershell 提供了不少处理字符串的方法,其中我认为最为通用,也最为强大的是
-replace操作符 -
-replace配合正则表达式可以对字符串做丰富的处理 -
String.replace()函数不如-replace灵活 -
尤其是分组捕获的部分,利用了模板操作的思想,在调整字符串方面表现的十分出色
应用:抽取markdown中的各级标题
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这个powershell函数可以作为模块调用,通常用不到,相关软件多有目录和大纲功能
-
但是在命令行终端中抽取文章摘要比较有用
function extract_markdown_titiles { <# .synopsis extract markdown titles,configs like 1.level 2.indent char 3.show title text only are available to specifiy. .example PS D:\> extract_markdown_titiles .\01_导数和微分.md -level 2 -indent_with_chr '*' * 一元函数微分 ** 函数在$x=x_0$导数的定义 ** 导函数的定义 ** 导数与微分@微商 ** 对数函数的导函数 ** 函数间四则运算组合函数的求导法则 ** 反函数求导法则 ** 对数求导法 ** 微积分和深度学习 * 导数表示法&导数记号系统 ** 莱布尼兹记号法@Leibniz's notation ** 拉格朗日记号法@Lagrange's notation ** 欧拉记号法@Euler's notation ** 牛顿记号Newton's notation #> param( $file, $level = 3, $indent_with_chr = '#', # copy result to clipborad $scb = $true, [switch]$title_only ) # Write-Output $level # $pattern = '^(#+)(\s+)(\S+)' $pattern = '^(#+)(\s+)(.*)' $titles_with_level = Get-Content $file | Where-Object { $_ -match $pattern } # Remove potential excess spaces as they can affect aesthetics # in titles "##[ ]<title content>",the '[]' indicate the space character width $titles_with_level = $titles_with_level -replace $pattern, '$1 $3' $titles_leveled = $titles_with_level | ForEach-Object { $titles_sharps = $_ -replace $pattern, '$1' # Write-Output "'$titles_sharps'" $title_level = $titles_sharps.Length # Write-Output "$title_level;$_" if ($title_level -gt $level) { return } else { # 在管道符中通过write的方式将被遍历的元素添加到数组中 Write-Output $_ } } # Write-Output $titles_leveled $titles_with_level = $titles_leveled $titles = $titles_with_level | ForEach-Object { $_ -replace $pattern, '$3' } $res = "" if ($title_only) { $res = $titles } elseif ($indent_with_chr -eq "#") { $res = $titles_with_level } else { $res = $titles_with_level | ForEach-Object { $title_level = ( $_ -replace $pattern, '$1' ).Length $_ -replace "^(#+)", ($indent_with_chr * $title_level) } } # 根据需要将内容自动复制到剪切板 if ($scb) { $res | Set-Clipboard } return $res } -
用例
.example PS D:\> extract_markdown_titiles .\01_导数和微分.md -level 2 -indent_with_chr '=' = 一元函数微分 == 函数在$x=x_0$导数的定义 == 导函数的定义 == 导数与微分@微商 == 对数函数的导函数 == 函数间四则运算组合函数的求导法则 == 反函数求导法则 == 对数求导法 == 微积分和深度学习 = 导数表示法&导数记号系统 == 莱布尼兹记号法@Leibniz's notation == 拉格朗日记号法@Lagrange's notation == 欧拉记号法@Euler's notation == 牛顿记号Newton's notation .example PS D:\> extract_markdown_titiles .\01_导数和微分.md -level 2 -indent_with_chr '==' == 一元函数微分 ==== 函数在$x=x_0$导数的定义 ==== 导函数的定义 ==== 导数与微分@微商 ==== 对数函数的导函数 ==== 函数间四则运算组合函数的求导法则 ==== 反函数求导法则 ==== 对数求导法 ==== 微积分和深度学习 == 导数表示法&导数记号系统 ==== 莱布尼兹记号法@Leibniz's notation ==== 拉格朗日记号法@Lagrange's notation ==== 欧拉记号法@Euler's notation ==== 牛顿记号Newton's notation .example PS D:\> extract_markdown_titiles .\01_导数和微分.md -level 2 -indent_with_chr '====' ==== 一元函数微分 ======== 函数在$x=x_0$导数的定义 ======== 导函数的定义 ======== 导数与微分@微商 ======== 对数函数的导函数 ======== 函数间四则运算组合函数的求导法则 ======== 反函数求导法则 ======== 对数求导法 ======== 微积分和深度学习 ==== 导数表示法&导数记号系统 ======== 莱布尼兹记号法@Leibniz's notation ======== 拉格朗日记号法@Lagrange's notation ======== 欧拉记号法@Euler's notation ======== 牛顿记号Newton's notation .example PS D:\> extract_markdown_titiles .\01_导数和微分.md -level 2 -indent_with_chr '====' -title_only 一元函数微分 函数在$x=x_0$导数的定义 导函数的定义 导数与微分@微商 对数函数的导函数 函数间四则运算组合函数的求导法则 反函数求导法则 对数求导法 微积分和深度学习 导数表示法&导数记号系统 莱布尼兹记号法@Leibniz's notation 拉格朗日记号法@Lagrange's notation 欧拉记号法@Euler's notation 牛顿记号Newton's notation
refs
- replacement-with-regular-expressions|about Comparison Operators - PowerShell | Microsoft Learn
- about Regular Expressions - PowerShell | Microsoft Learn
- about Comparison Operators - PowerShell | Microsoft Learn
- How to Use PowerShell Replace to Replace Text [Examples] (adamtheautomator.com)
- Powershell - Replace first occurrences of String - Stack Overflow
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