C语言银行家算法

算法简介
银行家算法(Banker’s Algorithm)是一个避免死锁(Deadlock)的著名算法,是由艾兹格·迪杰斯特拉在1965年为T.H.E系统设计的一种避免死锁产生的算法。它以银行借贷系统的分配策略为基础,判断并保证系统的安全运行。

算法目的
为了了解系统的资源分配情况,假定系统的任何一种资源在任意时刻只能被一个进程使用,任何进程已经占用的资源只能由进程自己释放,而不能由其他进程抢占,当进程申请的资源不能满足时,必须等待。因此只要资源分配算法能保证进程的资源请求,且不出现循环等待,则系统不会出现死锁。

算法原理
在避免死锁的方法中,所施加的限制条件较弱,有可能获得令人满意的系统性能。在该方法中把系统的状态分为安全状态和不安全状态,只要能使系统始终都处于安全状态,便可以避免发生死锁。

银行家算法的基本思想是分配资源之前,判断系统是否是安全的;若是,才分配。它是最具有代表性的避免死锁的算法。

设进程cusneed提出请求REQUEST [i],则银行家算法按如下规则进行判断。

(1)如果REQUEST [cusneed] [i]<= NEED[cusneed][i],则转(2);否则,出错。
(2)如果REQUEST [cusneed] [i]<= AVAILABLE[i],则转(3);否则,等待。
(3)系统试探分配资源,修改相关数据:
AVAILABLE[i]-=REQUEST[cusneed][i];

ALLOCATION[cusneed][i]+=REQUEST[cusneed][i];

NEED[cusneed][i]-=REQUEST[cusneed][i];

(4)系统执行安全性检查,如安全,则分配成立;否则试探险性分配作废,系统恢复原状,进程等待。
安全性检查算法

(1)设置两个工作向量Work=AVAILABLE;FINISH
(2)从进程集合中找到一个满足下述条件的进程,
FINISH==false;

NEED<=Work;

如找到,执行(3);否则,执行(4)

(3)设进程获得资源,可顺利执行,直至完成,从而释放资源。
Work=Work+ALLOCATION;

Finish=true;

GOTO 2
这里写图片描述
原始代码:

#include<stdio.h>
#define true 1
#define false 0
#define processNum 5
#define resourceNum 3
#define MAXINT 9999
typedef int bool;

int available[resourceNum]={3,3,2};
int maxRequest[processNum][resourceNum]={7,5,3,3,2,2,9,0,2,2,2,2,4,3,3};
int allocation[processNum][resourceNum]={0,1,0,2,0,0,3,0,2,2,1,1,0,0,2};
int need[processNum][resourceNum]={7,4,3,1,2,2,6,0,0,0,1,1,4,3,1};
bool Finish[processNum];
int safeSeries[processNum]={MAXINT, MAXINT , MAXINT , MAXINT , MAXINT};
int request[resourceNum];

void Init()
{
    int i, j;
    printf("输入进程数量、资源数量\n");
    //scanf("%d %d",&processNum,&resourceNum);
    printf("输入当前资源可用数目\n");
    for(i = 0; i < resourceNum; i++){
        scanf("%d",&available[i]);
    }
    printf("输入最大需求矩阵\n");
    for(i = 0; i < processNum; i++){
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            scanf("%d",&maxRequest[i][j]);
        }
    }
    printf("输入分配矩阵\n");
    for(i = 0; i < processNum; i++){
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            scanf("%d",&allocation[i][j]);
        }
    }
    printf("输入当前需求矩阵\n");
    for(i = 0; i < processNum; i++){
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            scanf("%d",&need[i][j]);
        }
    }
}

void showInfo()
{
    int i,j;
    printf("当前资源剩余:");
    for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
        printf("%d ",available[j]);
    }
    printf("\n");
    printf(" PID\t Max\t\tAllocation\tNeed\n");
    for(i = 0; i < processNum; i++){
        printf(" P%d\t",i);
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            printf("%d ",maxRequest[i][j]);
        }
        printf("\t\t");
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            printf("%d ",allocation[i][j]);
        }
        printf("\t\t");
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            printf("%d ",need[i][j]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
}

bool isSafe()
{
    int i,j,k;
    int trueFinished = 0;
    int work[resourceNum];
    for(i = 0; i < resourceNum; i++){
        work[i]=available[i];
    }

    for(i = 0; i < processNum; i++){
        Finish[i]=false;
    }
    i = 0;
    int temp = 0;
    while(trueFinished != processNum){
        int j =0;
        if(Finish[i]!= true){
            for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
                if(need[i][j] > work[j]){break;}
            }
        }
        if(j == resourceNum){
            Finish[i]=true;
            SafeInfo(work,i);
            for(k = 0; k < resourceNum; k++){
                work[k]+=allocation[i][k];
            }
            int k2;
            safeSeries[trueFinished++] = i;
        }
        i++;
        if(i >= processNum)
        {
            i = i % processNum;
            if(temp == trueFinished)
                break;
        }
        temp = trueFinished;
    }

    if(trueFinished == processNum){
        printf("\n系统安全!\n\n安全序列为:");
        for(i = 0; i < processNum; i++){
            printf("%d ",safeSeries[i]);
        }
        return true;
    }
    printf("******系统不安全!******\n");
    return false;
}

void SafeInfo(int *work, int i)
{
    int j;
    printf(" P%d\t",i);
    for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
        printf("%d ",work[j]);
    }
    printf("\t\t");
    for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
        printf("%d ",need[i][j]);
    }
    printf("\t ");
    for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
        printf("%d ",allocation[i][j]);
    }
    printf("\t\t");
    for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
        printf("%d ",allocation[i][j]+work[j]);
    }
    printf("\n");
}


int main()
{
    int i,j,curProcess;
    int wheInit = 0;
    printf("是否使用内置数据?0是,1否:");
    scanf("%d",&wheInit);
    if(wheInit)
        Init();  //可以不使用,选用内置的数据进行测试
    printf("---------------------------------------------------------\n");
    showInfo();
    printf("\n系统安全情况分析\n");
    printf(" PID\t Work\t\tNeed\tAllocation\tWork+Allocation\n");
    isSafe();
    while(true){
        printf("\n---------------------------------------------------------\n");
        printf("\n输入要分配的进程:");
        scanf("%d",&curProcess);
        printf("\n输入要分配给进程P%d的资源:",curProcess);
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            scanf("%d", &request[j]);
        }
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            if(request[j] <= need[curProcess][j])continue;
            else{printf("ERROR!\n");break;}
        }
        if(j == resourceNum){
            for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
                if(request[j] <= need[curProcess][j])continue;
                else{printf("资源不足,等待中!\n");break;}
            }
            if(j == resourceNum){
                for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
                    available[j] -= request[j];
                    allocation[curProcess][j] += request[j];
                    need[curProcess][j] -= request[j];
                }
                printf("\n系统安全情况分析\n");
                printf(" PID\t Work\t\tNeed\tAllocation\tWork+Allocation\n");
                if(isSafe()){
                    printf("分配成功!\n");
                    showInfo();
                }else{
                    for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
                        available[j] += request[j];
                        allocation[curProcess][j] -= request[j];
                        need[curProcess][j] += request[j];
                    }
                    printf("分配失败!\n");
                    showInfo();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

这里写图片描述
修正后的代码:参考评论Sean0977

#include<stdio.h>
#define true 1
#define false 0
#define processNum 5
#define resourceNum 3
#define MAXINT 9999
typedef int bool;

int available[resourceNum]={3,3,2};
int maxRequest[processNum][resourceNum]={7,5,3,3,2,2,9,0,2,2,2,2,4,3,3};
int allocation[processNum][resourceNum]={0,1,0,2,0,0,3,0,2,2,1,1,0,0,2};
int need[processNum][resourceNum]={7,4,3,1,2,2,6,0,0,0,1,1,4,3,1};
bool Finish[processNum];
int safeSeries[processNum]={MAXINT, MAXINT , MAXINT , MAXINT , MAXINT};
int request[resourceNum];

void Init()
{
    int i, j;
    printf("输入进程数量、资源数量\n");
    //scanf("%d %d",&processNum,&resourceNum);
    printf("输入当前资源可用数目\n");
    for(i = 0; i < resourceNum; i++){
        scanf("%d",&available[i]);
    }
    printf("输入最大需求矩阵\n");
    for(i = 0; i < processNum; i++){
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            scanf("%d",&maxRequest[i][j]);
        }
    }
    printf("输入分配矩阵\n");
    for(i = 0; i < processNum; i++){
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            scanf("%d",&allocation[i][j]);
        }
    }
    printf("输入当前需求矩阵\n");
    for(i = 0; i < processNum; i++){
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            scanf("%d",&need[i][j]);
        }
    }
}

void showInfo()
{
    int i,j;
    printf("当前资源剩余:");
    for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
        printf("%d ",available[j]);
    }
    printf("\n");
    printf(" PID\t Max\t\tAllocation\tNeed\n");
    for(i = 0; i < processNum; i++){
        printf(" P%d\t",i);
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            printf("%d ",maxRequest[i][j]);
        }
        printf("\t\t");
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            printf("%d ",allocation[i][j]);
        }
        printf("\t\t");
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            printf("%d ",need[i][j]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
}

bool isSafe()
{
    int i,j,k;
    int trueFinished = 0;
    int work[resourceNum];
    for(i = 0; i < resourceNum; i++){
        work[i]=available[i];
    }

    for(i = 0; i < processNum; i++){
        Finish[i]=false;
    }
    i = 0;
    int temp = 0;
    while(trueFinished != processNum){
        int j =0;
        if(Finish[i]!= true){
            for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
                if(need[i][j] > work[j]){break;}
            }
        }
        if(j == resourceNum){
            Finish[i]=true;
            SafeInfo(work,i);
            for(k = 0; k < resourceNum; k++){
                work[k]+=allocation[i][k];
            }
            int k2;
            safeSeries[trueFinished++] = i;
        }
        i++;
        if(i >= processNum)
        {
        	if(flag==0)
        	{
        		temp=trueFinished;
        		temp0=trueFinished;        		
			}
            i = i % processNum;         
            if(flag==1){
            temp=trueFinished;
            if(temp == temp0)
                break;
            else
            	temp0=temp;
            }        
            flag=1;
        }
        temp = trueFinished;
    }

    if(trueFinished == processNum){
        printf("\n系统安全!\n\n安全序列为:");
        for(i = 0; i < processNum; i++){
            printf("%d ",safeSeries[i]);
        }
        return true;
    }
    printf("******系统不安全!******\n");
    return false;
}

void SafeInfo(int *work, int i)
{
    int j;
    printf(" P%d\t",i);
    for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
        printf("%d ",work[j]);
    }
    printf("\t\t");
    for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
        printf("%d ",need[i][j]);
    }
    printf("\t ");
    for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
        printf("%d ",allocation[i][j]);
    }
    printf("\t\t");
    for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
        printf("%d ",allocation[i][j]+work[j]);
    }
    printf("\n");
}


int main()
{
    int i,j,curProcess;
    int wheInit = 0;
    printf("是否使用内置数据?0是,1否:");
    scanf("%d",&wheInit);
    if(wheInit)
        Init();  //可以不使用,选用内置的数据进行测试
    printf("---------------------------------------------------------\n");
    showInfo();
    printf("\n系统安全情况分析\n");
    printf(" PID\t Work\t\tNeed\tAllocation\tWork+Allocation\n");
    isSafe();
    while(true){
        printf("\n---------------------------------------------------------\n");
        printf("\n输入要分配的进程:");
        scanf("%d",&curProcess);
        printf("\n输入要分配给进程P%d的资源:",curProcess);
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            scanf("%d", &request[j]);
        }
        for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
            if(request[j] <= need[curProcess][j])continue;
            else{printf("ERROR!\n");break;}
        }
        if(j == resourceNum){
            for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
                if(request[j] <= need[curProcess][j])continue;
                else{printf("资源不足,等待中!\n");break;}
            }
            if(j == resourceNum){
                for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
                    available[j] -= request[j];
                    allocation[curProcess][j] += request[j];
                    need[curProcess][j] -= request[j];
                }
                printf("\n系统安全情况分析\n");
                printf(" PID\t Work\t\tNeed\tAllocation\tWork+Allocation\n");
                if(isSafe()){
                    printf("分配成功!\n");
                    showInfo();
                }else{
                    for(j = 0; j < resourceNum; j++){
                        available[j] += request[j];
                        allocation[curProcess][j] -= request[j];
                        need[curProcess][j] += request[j];
                    }
                    printf("分配失败!\n");
                    showInfo();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

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操作系统课的实验(银行家算法)#include "malloc.h"   #include "stdio.h"   #include "stdlib.h"   #define alloclen sizeof(struct allocation)   #define maxlen sizeof(struct max)   #define avalen sizeof(struct available)   #define needlen sizeof(struct need)   #define finilen sizeof(struct finish)   #define pathlen sizeof(struct path)   struct allocation   {   int value;   struct allocation *next;   };   struct max   {   int value;   struct max *next;   };   struct available /*可用资源数*/   {   int value;   struct available *next;   };   struct need /*需求资源数*/   {   int value;   struct need *next;   };   struct path   {   int value;   struct path *next;   };   struct finish   {   int stat;   struct finish *next;   };   int main()   {   int row,colum,status=0,i,j,t,temp,processtest;   struct allocation *allochead,*alloc1,*alloc2,*alloctemp;   struct max *maxhead,*maxium1,*maxium2,*maxtemp;   struct available *avahead,*available1,*available2,*workhead,*work1,*work2,*worktemp,*worktemp1;   struct need *needhead,*need1,*need2,*needtemp;   struct finish *finihead,*finish1,*finish2,*finishtemp;   struct path *pathhead,*path1,*path2;   printf("\n请输入系统资源的种类数:");   scanf("%d",&colum);   printf("请输入现时内存中的进程数:");   scanf("%d",&row);   printf("请输入已分配资源矩阵:\n");   for(i=0;i<row;i++)   {   for (j=0;jnext=alloc2->next=NULL;   scanf("%d",&allochead->value);   status++;   }   else   {   alloc2=(struct allocation *)malloc(alloclen);   scanf("%d,%d",&alloc2->value);   if(status==1)   {   allochead->next=alloc2;   status++;   }   alloc1->next=alloc2;   alloc1=alloc2;   }   }   }   alloc2->next=NULL;   status=0;   printf("请输入最大需求矩阵:\n");   for(i=0;i<row;i++)   {   for (j=0;jnext=maxium2->next=NULL;   scanf("%d",&maxium1->value);   status++;   }   else   {   maxium2=(struct max *)malloc(maxlen);   scanf("%d,%d",&maxium2->value);   if(status==1)   {   maxhead->next=maxium2;   status++;   }   maxium1->next=maxium2;   maxium1=maxium2;   }   }   }   maxium2->next=NULL;   status=0;   printf("请输入现时系统剩余的资源矩阵:\n");   for (j=0;jnext=available2->next=NULL;   work1->next=work2->next=NULL;   scanf("%d",&available1->value);   work1->value=available1->value;   status++;   }   else   {   available2=(struct available*)malloc(avalen);   work2=(struct available*)malloc(avalen);   scanf("%d,%d",&available2->value);   work2->value=available2->value;   if(status==1)   {   avahead->next=available2;   workhead->next=work2;   status++;   }   available1->next=available2;   available1=available2;   work1->next=work2;   work1=work2;   }   }   available2->next=NULL;   work2->next=NULL;   status=0;   alloctemp=allochead;   maxtemp=maxhead;   for(i=0;i<row;i++)   for (j=0;jnext=need2->next=NULL;   need1->value=maxtemp->value-alloctemp->value;   status++;   }   else   {   need2=(struct need *)malloc(needlen);   need2->value=(maxtemp->value)-(alloctemp->value);   if(status==1)   {   needhead->next=need2;   status++;   }   need1->next=need2;   need1=need2;   }   maxtemp=maxtemp->next;   alloctemp=alloctemp->next;   }   need2->next=NULL;   status=0;   for(i=0;inext=finish2->next=NULL;   finish1->stat=0;   status++;   }   else   {   finish2=(struct finish*)malloc(finilen);   finish2->stat=0;   if(status==1)   {   finihead->next=finish2;   status++;   }   finish1->next=finish2;   finish1=finish2;   }   }   finish2->next=NULL; /*Initialization compleated*/   status=0;   processtest=0;   for(temp=0;temp<row;temp++)   {   alloctemp=allochead;   needtemp=needhead;   finishtemp=finihead;   worktemp=workhead;   for(i=0;istat==0)   {   for(j=0;jnext,worktemp=worktemp->next)   if(needtemp->valuevalue)   processtest++;   if(processtest==colum)   {   for(j=0;jvalue+=alloctemp->value;   worktemp1=worktemp1->next;   alloctemp=alloctemp->next;   }   if(status==0)   {   pathhead=path1=path2=(struct path*)malloc(pathlen);   path1->next=path2->next=NULL;   path1->value=i;   status++;   }   else   {   path2=(struct path*)malloc(pathlen);   path2->value=i;   if(status==1)   {   pathhead->next=path2;   status++;   }   path1->next=path2;   path1=path2;   }   finishtemp->stat=1;   }   else   {   for(t=0;tnext;   finishtemp->stat=0;   }   }   else   for(t=0;tnext;   alloctemp=alloctemp->next;   }   processtest=0;   worktemp=workhead;   finishtemp=finishtemp->next;   }   }   path2->next=NULL;   finishtemp=finihead;   for(temp=0;tempstat==0)   {   printf("\n系统处于非安全状态!\n");   exit(0);   }   finishtemp=finishtemp->next;   }   printf("\n系统处于安全状态.\n");   printf("\n安全序列为: \n");   do   {   printf("p%d ",pathhead->value);   }   while(pathhead=pathhead->next);   printf("\n");   return 0;   } #include "string.h" #include #include #define M 5 #define N 3 #define FALSE 0 #define TRUE 1 /*M个进程对N类资源最大资源需求量*/ int MAX[M][N]={{7,5,3},{3,2,2},{9,0,2},{2,2,2},{4,3,3}}; /*系统可用资源数*/ int AVAILABLE[N]={10,5,7}; /*M个进程对N类资源最大资源需求量*/ int ALLOCATION[M][N]={{0,0,0},{0,0,0},{0,0,0},{0,0,0},{0,0,0}}; /*M个进程已经得到N类资源的资源量 */ int NEED[M][N]={{7,5,3},{3,2,2},{9,0,2},{2,2,2},{4,3,3}}; /*M个进程还需要N类资源的资源量*/ int Request[N]={0,0,0}; void main() { int i=0,j=0; char flag='Y'; void showdata(); void changdata(int); void rstordata(int); int chkerr(int); showdata(); while(flag=='Y'||flag=='y') { i=-1; while(i=M) { printf("请输入需申请资源的进程号(从0到"); printf("%d",M-1); printf(",否则重输入!):"); scanf("%d",&i); if(i=M)printf("输入的进程号不存在,重新输入!\n"); } printf("请输入进程"); printf("%d",i); printf("申请的资源数\n"); for (j=0;jNEED[i][j]) { printf("进程"); printf("%d",i); printf("申请的资源数大于进程"); printf("%d",i); printf("还需要"); printf("%d",j); printf("类资源的资源量!申请不合理,出错!请重新选择!\n"); /*printf("申请不合理,出错!请重新选择!\n");*/ flag='N'; break; } else { if(Request[j]>AVAILABLE[j]) { printf("进程"); printf("%d",i); printf("申请的资源数大于系统可用"); printf("%d",j); printf("类资源的资源量!申请不合理,出错!请重新选择!\n"); /*printf("申请不合理,出错!请重新选择!\n");*/ flag='N'; break; } } } if(flag=='Y'||flag=='y') { changdata(i); if(chkerr(i)) { rstordata(i); showdata(); } else showdata(); } else showdata(); printf("\n"); printf("是否继续银行家算法演示,按'Y'或'y'键继续,按'N'或'n'键退出演示: "); scanf("%c",&flag); } } void showdata() { int i,j; printf("系统可用的资源数为:\n"); printf(" "); for (j=0;j<N;j++){ printf(" 资源"); printf("%d",j); printf(":"); printf("%d",AVAILABLE[j]); /*printf("\n");*/ /* cout<<endl; // cout<<"各进程资源的最大需求量:"<<endl<<endl; // for (i=0;i<M;i++) // { // cout<<"进程"<<i<<":"; // for (j=0;j<N;j++)cout<<" 资源"<<j<<": "<<MAX[i][j]; // cout<<endl; */ } printf("\n"); printf("各进程还需要的资源量:\n"); for (i=0;i<M;i++) { printf(" 进程"); printf("%d",i); printf(":"); for (j=0;j<N;j++){ printf("资源"); printf("%d",j); printf(":"); printf("%d",NEED[i][j]); /*printf("\n");*/ } printf("\n"); } printf("各进程已经得到的资源量: \n"); for (i=0;i<M;i++) { printf(" 进程"); printf("%d",i); /*printf(":\n");*/ for (j=0;j<N;j++){ printf("资源"); printf("%d",j); printf(":"); printf("%d",ALLOCATION[i][j]); /*printf("\n");*/ } printf("\n"); } } void changdata(int k) { int j; for (j=0;j<N;j++) { AVAILABLE[j]=AVAILABLE[j]-Request[j]; ALLOCATION[k][j]=ALLOCATION[k][j]+Request[j]; NEED[k][j]=NEED[k][j]-Request[j]; } }; void rstordata(int k) { int j; for (j=0;j<N;j++) { AVAILABLE[j]=AVAILABLE[j]+Request[j]; ALLOCATION[k][j]=ALLOCATION[k][j]-Request[j]; NEED[k][j]=NEED[k][j]+Request[j]; } }; int chkerr(int s) { int WORK,FINISH[M],temp[M]; int i,j,k=0; for(i=0;i<M;i++)FINISH[i]=FALSE; for(j=0;j<N;j++) { WORK=AVAILABLE[j]; i=s; while(i<M) { if (FINISH[i]==FALSE&&NEED[i][j]<=WORK) { WORK=WORK+ALLOCATION[i][j]; FINISH[i]=TRUE; temp[k]=i; k++; i=0; } else { i++; } } for(i=0;i<M;i++) if(FINISH[i]==FALSE) { printf("\n"); printf("系统不安全!!! 本次资源申请不成功!!!\n"); printf("\n"); return 1; } } printf("\n"); printf("经安全性检查,系统安全,本次分配成功。\n"); printf("\n"); printf(" 本次安全序列:"); for(i=0;i"); } printf("\n"); return 0; }

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