自编码网络
1、自编码网络的作用
自编码网络的作用就是将输入样本压缩到隐藏层,然后解压,在输出端重建样本,最终输出层神经元数量等于输入层神经元的数量。
2、这里主要有两个过程,压缩和解压。
3、压缩原理
压缩依靠的是输入数据(图像、文字、声音)本身存在不同成都的冗余信息,自动编码网络学习去掉这些冗余信息,把有用的特征输入到隐藏层中。
4、多个隐藏层的主要作用
多个隐藏层的主要作用是,如果输入的数据是图像,第一层会学习如何识别边,第二层会学习如何组合边,从而构成轮廓、角等,更高层学习如何去组合更有意义的特征。
5、下面我们还以MINST数据集为例,讲解一下自编码器的运用
第一步 加载数据
先导入必要的库
from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Import MNIST data
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets("MNIST_data", one_hot=False)
第二部 构建模型
设置训练的参数,包括学习率、训练的轮数(全部数据训练完一遍成为一轮)、每次训练的而数据多少、每隔多少轮显示一次训练结果:
# Parameters
learning_rate = 0.01
training_epochs = 5
batch_size = 256
display_step = 1
examples_to_show = 10
初始化权重与定义网络结构,我们设计这个自动编码网络还有两个隐藏层,第一个隐藏层神经元为256个,第二个隐藏层神经元为128个,定义网络参数如下:
# Network Parameters
n_input = 784 # MNIST data input (img shape: 28*28)
# tf Graph input (only pictures)
X = tf.placeholder("float", [None, n_input])
# hidden layer settings
n_hidden_1 = 256 # 1st layer num features
n_hidden_2 = 128 # 2nd layer num features
初始化每一层的权重和偏置如下:
# Building the encoder
def encoder(x):
# Encoder Hidden layer with sigmoid activation #1
layer_1 = tf.nn.sigmoid(tf.add(tf.matmul(x, weights['encoder_h1']),
biases['encoder_b1']))
# Decoder Hidden layer with sigmoid activation #2
layer_2 = tf.nn.sigmoid(tf.add(tf.matmul(layer_1, weights['encoder_h2']),
biases['encoder_b2']))
return layer_2
# Building the decoder
def decoder(x):
# Encoder Hidden layer with sigmoid activation #1
layer_1 = tf.nn.sigmoid(tf.add(tf.matmul(x, weights['decoder_h1']),
biases['decoder_b1']))
# Decoder Hidden layer with sigmoid activation #2
layer_2 = tf.nn.sigmoid(tf.add(tf.matmul(layer_1, weights['decoder_h2']),
biases['decoder_b2']))
return layer_2
构建模型
# Construct model
encoder_op = encoder(X)
decoder_op = decoder(encoder_op)
构建损失函数和优化器,这里的损失函数用“最小二乘法”对原始数据集和输出的数据集进行平方差并取均值运算,优化器采用RMSPropOptimizer
# Prediction
y_pred = decoder_op
# Targets (Labels) are the input data.
y_true = X
# Define loss and optimizer, minimize the squared error
cost = tf.reduce_mean(tf.pow(y_true - y_pred, 2))
optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(cost)
第三部 训练数据及评估模型
在回话中启动图,开始训练和评估:
# Launch the graph
with tf.Session() as sess:
# tf.initialize_all_variables() no long valid from
# 2017-03-02 if using tensorflow >= 0.12
if int((tf.__version__).split('.')[1]) < 12 and int((tf.__version__).split('.')[0]) < 1:
init = tf.initialize_all_variables()
else:
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess.run(init)
total_batch = int(mnist.train.num_examples/batch_size)
# Training cycle
for epoch in range(training_epochs):
# Loop over all batches
for i in range(total_batch):
batch_xs, batch_ys = mnist.train.next_batch(batch_size) # max(x) = 1, min(x) = 0
# Run optimization op (backprop) and cost op (to get loss value)
_, c = sess.run([optimizer, cost], feed_dict={X: batch_xs})
# Display logs per epoch step
if epoch % display_step == 0:
print("Epoch:", '%04d' % (epoch+1),
"cost=", "{:.9f}".format(c))
print("Optimization Finished!")
# # Applying encode and decode over test set
encode_decode = sess.run(
y_pred, feed_dict={X: mnist.test.images[:examples_to_show]})
# Compare original images with their reconstructions
f, a = plt.subplots(2, 10, figsize=(10, 2))
for i in range(examples_to_show):
a[0][i].imshow(np.reshape(mnist.test.images[i], (28, 28)))
a[1][i].imshow(np.reshape(encode_decode[i], (28, 28)))
plt.show()
# encoder_result = sess.run(encoder_op, feed_dict={X: mnist.test.images})
# plt.scatter(encoder_result[:, 0], encoder_result[:, 1], c=mnist.test.labels)
# plt.colorbar()
# plt.show()