java中向上转型(upcast)和向下转型(downcast)

先看下面的程序：

class Useful
{
int value = 20;
public void f() {System.out.println(“f() in the Useful class”);}
public void g() {System.out.println(“g() in the Useful class”);}
}
class MoreUseful extends Useful {
int value = 21;
public void f() {System.out.println(“f() in the MoreUseful class”);}
public void g() {System.out.println(“g() in the MoreUseful class”);}
public void u() {System.out.println(“u() in the MoreUseful class”);}
public void v() {}
public void w() {}
}
class MoreUseful2 extends Useful {
int value = 21;
public void f() {System.out.println(“f() in the MoreUseful2 class”);}
public void g() {System.out.println(“g() in the MoreUseful2 class”);}
public void u() {System.out.println(“u() in the MoreUseful2 class”);}
public void v() {}
public void w() {}
}

class ExtendsMoreUseful2 extends MoreUseful2 {
int value = 22;
public void f() {System.out.println(“f() in the ExtendsMoreUseful2 class”);}
public void g() {System.out.println(“g() in the ExtendsMoreUseful2 class”);}
public void u() {System.out.println(“u() in the ExtendsMoreUseful2 class”);}
public void v() {}
public void w() {}
}
public class RTTI {
public static void main(String[] args) {

//Useful useful = new MoreUseful();
//useful.u(); //这是错误的，u()方法没有在useful类型中调用。
Useful[] x =
{
new Useful(),
new MoreUseful(),
new MoreUseful2(),
new ExtendsMoreUseful2()
}; //声明一个变量数组，保存每个Useful对象的引用，
//那么每一个Useful对象就会自动向上转型为Useful。
for(int i=0;i