高数习题9.2（上）

1. 求下列微分方程的通积分：
   (1) $\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{1+y^2}{(1+x^2)xy}$
   (2) $a(x\frac{dy}{dx}+2y)=xy\frac{dy}{dx}(a>0)$
   (3) $\sqrt{1+x^2}dy-\sqrt{1-y^2}dx=0$
   (4) $(x+2y)dx+(2x-3y)dy=0$
   (5) $(3x+5y)dx+(4x+6y)dy=0$
   (6) $2xdz-2zdx=\sqrt{x^2+4z^2}dx(x>0)$
   (7) $(2x^2+y^2)dx+(2xy+3y^2)dy=0$
   (8) $y^{\prime }=(x+y+2{)}^2$
   (9) $(2x+3y-1)dx+(4x+6y-5)dy=0$
   (10) $(2x-y+4)dy+(x-2y+5)dx=0$
   解：
   (1)
   $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{dy}{dx}& =\frac{1+y^2}{(1+x^2)xy}\\ \frac{y}{1+y^2}dy& =\frac{1}{(1+x^2)x}dx\\ \frac{1}{2}ln|1+y^2|& =\frac{1}{2}(ln|x^2|-ln|x^2+1|)+C\\ (1+x^2)(1+y^2)& =C{x}^2\end{array}$
   (2)
   $\begin{array}{rl}a(x\frac{dy}{dx}+2y)& =xy\frac{dy}{dx}\\ (1-\frac{a}{y})dy& =\frac{2a}{x}dx\\ y-aln|y|& =2aln|x|+C\\ e^y& =C{y}^a{x}^{2a}\\ x^{2}y& =C{e}^{\frac{y}{a}}\end{array}$
   (3)
   $\begin{array}{rl}\sqrt{1+x^2}dy-\sqrt{1-y^2}dx& =0\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-y^2}}dy& =\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}dx\\ arcsiny& =ln|\sqrt{x^2+1}+x|+C\\ arcsiny& =lnC(\sqrt{x^2+1}+x)\end{array}$
   (4)
   $\begin{array}{rl}(x+2y)dx+(2x-3y)dy& =0\\ xdx+2ydx+2xdy-3ydy& =0\\ \frac{d{x}^2}{2}+2d(xy)-\frac{3d{y}^2}{2}& =0\\ x^2+4xy-3y^2& =C\end{array}$
   (5)
   $\begin{array}{rl}(3x+5y)dx+(4x+6y)dy& =0\\ \frac{dy}{dx}& =-\frac{3x+5y}{4x+6y}\\ 令u=\frac{y}{x},则\frac{dy}{dx}=u+x\frac{du}{dx},原式:& \\ u+x\frac{du}{dx}& =-\frac{3+5u}{4+6u}\\ -\frac{3}{2x}dx& =\frac{2+3u}{(2u+1)(u+1)}du\\ -\frac{3}{2}ln|x|& =\frac{1}{2}ln|2u+1|+ln|u+1|+C\\ (2y+x)(y+x{)}^2& =C\end{array}$
   (6)
   $\begin{array}{rl}2xdz-2zdx& =\sqrt{x^2+4z^2}dx(x>0)\\ 2\frac{dz}{dx}-\frac{2z}{x}& =\sqrt{1+\frac{4z^2}{x^2}}\\ 令u=\frac{z}{x},则\frac{dz}{dx}=u+x\frac{du}{dx},原式:& \\ 2(u+x\frac{du}{dx})-2u& =\sqrt{1+4u^2}\\ \frac{1}{x}dx& =\frac{2}{\sqrt{1+4u^2}}du\\ ln|x|& =ln(\sqrt{4u^2+1}+2u)+C\\ 2u+\sqrt{4u^2+1}& =Cx\\ 2z+\sqrt{x^2+4z^2}& =C{x}^2\end{array}$
   (7)
   $\begin{array}{rl}(2x^2+y^2)dx+(2xy+3y^2)dy& =0\\ 2x^{2}dx+y^{2}dx+2xydy+3y^{2}dy& =0\\ \frac{2}{3}d{x}^3+d(x{y}^2)+d{y}^3& =0\\ 2x^3+3x{y}^2+3y^3& =C\end{array}$
   (8)
   $\begin{array}{rl}{y}^{\prime }& =(x+y+2{)}^2\\ 令z=x+y+2,则dz=dx+dy,原式:& \\ \frac{dz}{dx}-1& =z^2\\ \frac{1}{z^2+1}& =dx\\ arctanz& =x+C\\ arctan(x+y+2)& =x+C\end{array}$
   (9)
   $\begin{array}{rl}(2x+3y-1)dx+(4x+6y-5)dy& =0\\ \frac{dy}{dx}& =-\frac{2x+3y-1}{4x+6y-5}\\ 令z=2x+3y,则dz=2dx+3dy,原式:& \\ \frac{dz}{dx}& =2-\frac{3(z-1)}{2z-5}\\ \frac{2z-5}{z-7}dz& =dx\\ 2z+9ln|z-7|& =x+C\\ x+2y+3ln|2x+3y-7|& =C\end{array}$
   (10)
   $\begin{array}{rl}(2x-y+4)dy+(x-2y+5)dx& =0\\ \frac{dy}{dx}& =-\frac{x-2y+5}{2x-y+4}\\ \frac{dy}{dx}& =-\frac{(x+1)-2(y-2)}{2(x+1)-(y-2)}\\ 令u=x+1,v=y-2,则du=dx,dv=dy,原式:& \\ \frac{dv}{du}& =-\frac{u-2v}{2u-v}\\ 令z=\frac{v}{u},则dv=udz+zdu原式:& \\ u\frac{dz}{du}+z=-\frac{1-2z}{2-z}& \\ \frac{1}{u}du& =\frac{z-2}{1-z^2}dz\\ ln|u|& =\frac{1}{2}ln|z-1|-\frac{3}{2}ln|z+1|+C\\ z-1& =C(z+1{)}^3{u}^2\\ v-u& =C(v+u{)}^3\\ y-x-3& =C(x+y-1{)}^3\end{array}$
2. 求下列初值问题的解：
   (1) $\frac{dx}{y}+\frac{4dy}{x}=0,y(4)=2$
   (2) $xdx+y{e}^{-x}dy=0,y(0)=1$
   (3) $\sqrt{1+x^2}\frac{dy}{dx}=x{y}^3,y(0)=1$
   (4) $x\frac{dy}{dx}+2y=sinx,y(\pi )=\frac{1}{\pi }$
   解：
   (1)
   $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{dx}{y}+\frac{4dy}{x}& =0\\ 4ydy& =-xdx\\ 2y^2& =-\frac{1}{2}{x}^2+C\\ 把y(4)=2代入，得到C=16& \\ 4y^2+x^2& =32\end{array}$
   (2)
   $\begin{array}{rl}xdx+y{e}^{-x}dy& =0\\ ydy& =-x{e}^{x}dx\\ \frac{1}{2}{y}^2& =(1-x)e^x+C\\ 把y(0)=1代入，得到C=-\frac{1}{2}& \\ 2(x-1)e^x+1+y^2& =0\end{array}$
   (3)
   $\begin{array}{rl}\sqrt{1+x^2}\frac{dy}{dx}& =x{y}^3\\ \frac{1}{y^3}dy& =\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}dx\\ -\frac{1}{2y^2}& =\sqrt{1+x^2}+C\\ 把y(0)=1代入，得到C=-\frac{3}{2}& \\ \frac{1}{y^2}+2\sqrt{1+x^2}& =3\end{array}$
   (4)
   $\begin{array}{rl}x\frac{dy}{dx}+2y& =sinx\\ \frac{dy}{dx}+\frac{2}{x}y& =\frac{sinx}{x}\end{array}$
   解齐次方程$\frac{dy}{dx}+\frac{2}{x}y=0$得$y=\frac{1}{x^2}$
   设$y=u(x)\frac{1}{x^2}$代入原方程得：
   $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{u^{\prime }(x)}{x^2}& =\frac{sinx}{x}\\ u(x)& =sinx-xcosx+C\\ y& =\frac{sinx-xcosx+C}{x^2}\\ 把y(\pi )=\frac{1}{\pi }代入，得到C=0& \\ y& =\frac{sinx-xcosx}{x^2}\end{array}$
3. 求下列微分方程的通解：
   (1)$x\frac{dy}{dx}-y=(x-1)e^x$;
   (2)$\frac{dy}{dx}-\frac{2y}{x+1}=(x+1{)}^{\frac{5}{2}}$;
   (3)$(x+1)\frac{dy}{dx}-ny=e^x(x+1{)}^{n+1}$;
   (4)$\frac{dy}{dx}+2y=x{e}^{-x}$.
   解：
   (1)
   $\begin{array}{rl}x\frac{dy}{dx}-y& =(x-1)e^x\\ \frac{dy}{dx}-\frac{1}{x}y& =\frac{(x-1)e^x}{x}\end{array}$
   解齐次方程$\frac{dy}{dx}-\frac{1}{x}y=0$得$y=x$
   设$y=u(x)x$代入原方程得：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{u}^{\prime }(x)x& =\frac{(x-1)e^x}{x}\\ u(x)& =\frac{e^x}{x}+C\\ y& =e^x+Cx\end{array}$
   (2)
   $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{dy}{dx}-\frac{2y}{x+1}& =(x+1{)}^{\frac{5}{2}}\end{array}$
   解齐次方程$\frac{dy}{dx}-\frac{2y}{x+1}=0$得$y=(x+1{)}^2$
   设$y=u(x)(x+1{)}^2$代入原方程得：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{u}^{\prime }(x)(x+1{)}^2& =(x+1{)}^{\frac{5}{2}}\\ u(x)& =\frac{2}{3}(x+1{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}+C\\ y& =\frac{2}{3}(x+1{)}^{\frac{7}{2}}+C(x+1{)}^2\end{array}$
   (3)
   $\begin{array}{rl}(x+1)\frac{dy}{dx}-ny& =e^x(x+1{)}^{n+1}\\ \frac{dy}{dx}-\frac{n}{(x+1)}y& =e^x(x+1{)}^n\end{array}$
   解齐次方程$\frac{dy}{dx}-\frac{n}{(x+1)}y=0$得$y=(x+1{)}^n$
   设$y=u(x)(x+1{)}^n$代入原方程得：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{u}^{\prime }(x)(x+1{)}^n& =e^x(x+1{)}^n\\ u(x)& =e^x+C\\ y& =(e^x+C)(x+1{)}^n\end{array}$
   (4)
   $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{dy}{dx}+2y& =x{e}^{-x}\end{array}$
   解齐次方程$\frac{dy}{dx}+2y=0$得$y=e^{-2x}$
   设$y=u(x)e^{-2x}$代入原方程得：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{u}^{\prime }(x)e^{-2x}& =x{e}^{-x}\\ u(x)& =x{e}^x-e^x+C\\ y& =C{e}^{-2x}+(x-1)e^{-x}\end{array}$
4. 求下列微分方程的通积分：
   (1)$y^{\prime }+\frac{y}{x}=y^3$;
   (2)$x{y}^{\prime }+y=2\sqrt{xy}$;
   (3)$nx{y}^{\prime }+2y=x{y}^{n+1}$;
   (4)$3x{y}^{\prime }-y-3x{y}^{4}lnx=0$;
   (5)$y^{\prime }-3xy-x{y}^2=0$.
   解：
   (1)
   $\begin{array}{rl}{y}^{\prime }+\frac{y}{x}& =y^3\\ y^{-3}\frac{dy}{dx}+\frac{y^{-2}}{x}& =1\\ -\frac{1}{2}\frac{d{y}^{-2}}{dx}+\frac{y^{-2}}{x}& =1\\ 令z=y^{-2},则方程为:& \\ -\frac{1}{2}\frac{dz}{dx}+\frac{z}{x}& =1\\ \frac{dz}{dx}-\frac{2z}{x}& =-2\end{array}$
   解齐次方程$\frac{dz}{dx}-\frac{2z}{x}=0$得$z=x^2$
   设$z=u(x)x^2$代入原方程得：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{u}^{\prime }(x)x^2& =-2\\ u(x)& =\frac{2}{x}+C\\ z& =2x+C{x}^2\\ C{x}^2{y}^2+2x{y}^2-1& =0\end{array}$
   (2)
   $\begin{array}{rl}x{y}^{\prime }+y=2\sqrt{xy}& \\ y^{-\frac{1}{2}}\frac{dy}{dx}+\frac{y^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}& =2x^{-\frac{1}{2}}\\ 2\frac{d{y}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{dx}+\frac{y^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}& =2x^{-\frac{1}{2}}\\ 令z=y^{\frac{1}{2}},则方程为:& \\ 2\frac{dz}{dx}+\frac{z}{x}& =2x^{-\frac{1}{2}}\\ \frac{dz}{dx}+\frac{z}{2x}& =x^{-\frac{1}{2}}\end{array}$
   解齐次方程$\frac{dz}{dx}+\frac{z}{2x}=0$得$z=x^{-\frac{1}{2}}$
   设$z=u(x)x^{-\frac{1}{2}}$代入原方程得：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{u}^{\prime }(x)x^{-\frac{1}{2}}& =x^{-\frac{1}{2}}\\ u(x)& =x+C\\ z& =x^{\frac{1}{2}}+C{x}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\\ x-\sqrt{xy}& =C\end{array}$
   (3)
   $\begin{array}{rl}nx{y}^{\prime }+2y& =x{y}^{n+1}\\ n{y}^{-(n+1)}\frac{dy}{dx}+\frac{2y^{-n}}{x}& =1\\ -\frac{d{y}^{-n}}{dx}+\frac{2y^{-n}}{x}& =1\\ 令z=y^{-n},则方程为:& \\ -\frac{dz}{dx}+\frac{2z}{x}& =1\\ \frac{dz}{dx}-\frac{2z}{x}& =-1\end{array}$
   解齐次方程$\frac{dz}{dx}-\frac{2z}{x}=0$得$z=x^2$
   设$z=u(x)x^2$代入原方程得：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{u}^{\prime }(x)x^2& =-1\\ u(x)& =\frac{1}{x}+C\\ z& =x+C{x}^2\\ C{x}^2{y}^n+x{y}^n-1& =0\end{array}$
   (4)
   $\begin{array}{rl}3x{y}^{\prime }-y-3x{y}^{4}lnx& =0\\ 3y^{-4}\frac{dy}{dx}-\frac{y^{-3}}{x}& =3lnx\\ -\frac{d{y}^{-3}}{dx}-\frac{y^{-3}}{x}& =3lnx\\ 令z=y^{-3},则方程为:& \\ -\frac{dz}{dx}-\frac{z}{x}& =3lnx\\ \frac{dz}{dx}+\frac{z}{x}& =-3lnx\end{array}$
   解齐次方程$\frac{dz}{dx}+\frac{z}{x}=0$得$z=x^{-1}$
   设$z=u(x)x^{-1}$代入原方程得：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{u}^{\prime }(x)x^{-1}& =-3lnx\\ u(x)& =-\frac{3}{2}{x}^{2}lnx+\frac{3}{4}{x}^2+C\\ z& =-\frac{3}{2}xlnx+\frac{3}{4}x+C{x}^{-1}\\ x{y}^{-3}+\frac{3}{4}{x}^2(2lnx-1)& =C\end{array}$
   (5)
   $\begin{array}{rl}{y}^{\prime }-3xy-x{y}^2& =0\\ y^{-2}\frac{dy}{dx}-3x{y}^{-1}& =x\\ -\frac{d{y}^{-1}}{dx}-3x{y}^{-1}& =x\\ 令z=y^{-1},则方程为:& \\ -\frac{dz}{dx}-3xz& =x\\ \frac{dz}{dx}+3xz& =-x\end{array}$
   解齐次方程$\frac{dz}{dx}+3xz=0$得$z=e^{-\frac{3}{2}{x}^2}$
   设$z=u(x)e^{-\frac{3}{2}{x}^2}$代入原方程得：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{u}^{\prime }(x)e^{-\frac{3}{2}{x}^2}& =-x\\ u(x)& =-\frac{1}{3}{e}^{\frac{3}{2}{x}^2}+C\\ z& =-\frac{1}{3}+C{e}^{-\frac{3}{2}{x}^2}\\ (1+\frac{3}{y})e^{\frac{3}{2}{x}^2}& =C\end{array}$
5. 将下列微分方程化成线性微分方程：
   (1) $\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{x^2+y^2}{2y}$;
   (2) $\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{y}{x+y^2}$;
   (3) $3x{y}^2\frac{dy}{dx}+y^3+x^3=0$;
   (4) $\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{1}{cosy}+xtany$.
   解：
   (1) 令$z=y^2$，则$\frac{dz}{dx}=x^2+z$
   (2) 将x看作y的函数，则$\frac{dx}{dy}=\frac{x}{y}+y$
   (3) 令$z=y^3$，则$\frac{dz}{dx}+\frac{z}{x}+x^2=0$
   (4) 令$z=siny$，则$\frac{dz}{dx}=1+xz$