高数习题9.2（下）

6. 一曲线在点(x,y)处的斜率等于$\frac{2y+x+1}{x}$，且通过点(1,0)，试求此曲线的表达式.
   解：
   $\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{dy}{dx}& =\frac{2y+x+1}{x}\\ y(1)& =0\end{array}$
   $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{dy}{dx}& =\frac{2y+x+1}{x}\\ \frac{dy}{dx}-\frac{2y}{x}& =1+\frac{1}{x}\end{array}$
   解齐次方程$\frac{dy}{dx}-\frac{2y}{x}=0$得$y=x^2$
   设$y=u(x)x^2$代入原方程得：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{u}^{\prime }(x)x^2& =1+\frac{1}{x}\\ u(x)& =-\frac{1}{2x^2}-\frac{1}{x}+C\\ y& =-\frac{1}{2}-x+C{x}^2\\ 把y(1)=0代入，得到C=\frac{3}{2}& \\ 2y& =3x^2-2x-1\end{array}$
7. 物体在冷却过程中的温度变化率与它本身的温度和环境之差成正比.今有一温度为95℃的物体，放入温度恒为15℃的房内，10分钟后温度降至55℃，问：需多长时间，使该物体的温度降至20℃.
   解：设t时刻的温度为u(t)℃，则：
   $\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{du}{dt}& =k(u-15)\\ u(0)& =95\\ u(10)& =55\end{array}$
   $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{du}{dt}& =k(u-15)\\ u(t)& =C{e}^{kt}+15\\ 把u(0)& =95和u(10)=55代入，得到C=80,k=-\frac{ln2}{10}\\ u(t)& =15+80\cdot 2^{-\frac{t}{10}}\end{array}$
   当u=20时，t=40，因此需要40分钟，该物体的温度降至20℃。
8. 镭的衰变速率与其现存量成正比.经测定，一块镭经过1600年后，只剩原始量$R_0$的一半，问：1克镭经过一年后衰变多少毫克？
   解：设经过t年后，剩下量为R(t)，则：
   $\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{dR}{dt}& =kR\\ R(0)& =R_0\\ R(1600)& =\frac{R_0}{2}\end{array}$
   $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{dR}{dt}& =kR\\ R(t)& =C{e}^{kt}\\ 把R(0)& =R_0和R(1600)=\frac{R_0}{2}代入，得到C=R_0,k=-\frac{ln2}{1600}\\ u(t)& =R_0\cdot 2^{-\frac{t}{1600}}\end{array}$
   当$R_0=1,t=1$时，$1-u(1)=1-2^{-\frac{1}{1600}}\approx 0.00044$，因此1克镭经过一年后衰变0.44毫克。
9. 求解积分方程${\int }_0^1\phi (tx)dt=n\phi (x)$其中$\phi (x)$为可微函数.
   解：
   $\begin{array}{rl}{\int }_0^1\phi (tx)dt& =n\phi (x)\\ 令u=tx:& \\ {\int }_0^x\phi (u)d\frac{u}{x}& =n\phi (x)\\ {\int }_0^x\phi (u)du& =nx\phi (x)\\ 两边同时求导:& \\ \phi (x)& =n\phi (x)+nx{\phi }^{\prime }(x)\\ \frac{d\phi }{\phi }& =\frac{1-n}{nx}dx\\ \phi (x)& =C|x{|}^{\frac{1-n}{n}}\end{array}$
10. 设$y_1(x)$与$y_0(x)$分别是线性非齐次方程与其对应的齐次方程的解，证明：$y_1(x)+y_0(x)$也是非齐次方程的解.
    证明：
    $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{d{y}_1}{dx}+P(x)y_1& =Q(x)\\ \frac{d{y}_0}{dx}+P(x)y_0& =0\\ \frac{d{y}_1}{dx}+P(x)y_1+\frac{d{y}_0}{dx}+P(x)y_0& =Q(x)\\ \frac{d(y_1+y_0)}{dx}+P(x)(y_1+y_0)& =Q(x)\end{array}$
    所以，$y_1(x)+y_0(x)$也是非齐次方程的解。
11. 设$y_1(x),y_2(x)$是非齐次方程的两个解，证明：$y_1(x)-y_2(x)$是对应的齐次方程的解.
    证明：
    $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{d{y}_1}{dx}+P(x)y_1& =Q(x)\\ \frac{d{y}_2}{dx}+P(x)y_2& =Q(x)\\ \frac{d{y}_1}{dx}+P(x)y_1-\frac{d{y}_2}{dx}-P(x)y_2& =0\\ \frac{d(y_1-y_2)}{dx}+P(x)(y_1-y_2)& =0\end{array}$
    所以，$y_1(x)-y_2(x)$是对应的齐次方程的解。
12. 证明：线性非齐次方程的通解$y_1(x)+C{e}^{-{\int }_{x_0}^{x}P(t)dt}$（其中C为任意常数）包含了其一切解.
    证明：我们对此可以转化成证明线性非齐次方程的任意一个解，都包含在函数族$y_1(x)+C{e}^{-{\int }_{x_0}^{x}P(t)dt}$中.
    设$y^{\ast }(x)$是线性非齐次方程的任意一个取定的解，则它满足方程$\frac{d{y}^{\ast }}{dx}+P(x)y^{\ast }\equiv Q(x)$
    $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{d{y}^{\ast }}{dx}+P(x)y^{\ast }& \equiv Q(x)\\ e^{-{\int }_{x_0}^{x}P(t)dt}\frac{d{y}^{\ast }}{dx}+P(x)e^{-{\int }_{x_0}^{x}P(t)dt}{y}^{\ast }& \equiv e^{-{\int }_{x_0}^{x}P(t)dt}(\frac{d{y}_1(x)}{dx}+P(x)y_1(x))\\ e^{-{\int }_{x_0}^{x}P(t)dt}\frac{d(y^{\ast }(x)-y_1(x))}{dx}+P(x)e^{-{\int }_{x_0}^{x}P(t)dt}(y^{\ast }(x)-y_1(x))& \equiv 0\\ d[(y^{\ast }(x)-y_1(x))e^{-{\int }_{x_0}^{x}P(t)dt}]& \equiv 0\\ (y^{\ast }(x)-y_1(x))e^{-{\int }_{x_0}^{x}P(t)dt}& \equiv C_0\\ y^{\ast }(x)& \equiv C_0{e}^{{\int }_{x_0}^{x}P(t)dt}+y_1(x)\end{array}$
    这说明$y^{\ast }(x)$包含在函数族$y_1(x)+C{e}^{-{\int }_{x_0}^{x}P(t)dt}$中。
13. 求解下列微分方程：
    (1) $x^2{y}^{\prime \prime }=y^{\prime 2}$
    (2) $y^{\prime 2}+2y{y}^{\prime \prime }=0$
    (3) $y^{\prime \prime }(e^x+1)+y^{\prime }=0$
    (4) $y^{\prime \prime \prime }=2(y^{\prime \prime }-1)cotx$
    解：
    (1)
    $\begin{array}{rl}{x}^2{y}^{\prime \prime }& =y^{\prime 2}\\ 令z=y^{\prime },则:& \\ 当z\ne 0:& \\ x^2{z}^{\prime }& =z^2\\ z& =\frac{x}{1+C_{1}x}\\ y^{\prime }& =\frac{x}{1+C_{1}x}\\ 当C_1\ne 0:& \\ y& =\frac{x}{C_1}-\frac{ln|C_{1}x+1|}{C_1^2}+C_2\\ C_{1}x-C_1^{2}y& =ln|C_{1}x+1|+C_2\\ 当C_1=0:& \\ y^{\prime }& =x\\ y& =\frac{x^2}{2}+C\\ 当z=0:& \\ y& =C\end{array}$
    所以，解为$y=\frac{x}{C_1}-\frac{ln|C_{1}x+1|}{C_1^2}+C_2,y=\frac{x^2}{2}+C,y=C$
    (2)
    $\begin{array}{rl}{y}^{\prime 2}+2y{y}^{\prime \prime }& =0\\ 令p=y^{\prime },则:& \\ p^2+2yp\frac{dp}{dy}& =0\\ 当p\ne 0:& \\ p& =C_1{y}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\\ \frac{dy}{dx}& =C_1{y}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\\ \frac{2}{3}{y}^{\frac{3}{2}}& =C_{1}x+C_2\\ y& =C_1(x+C_2{)}^{\frac{2}{3}}\\ 当p=0,则:& \\ y& =C\end{array}$
    所以，解为$y=C_1(x+C_2{)}^{\frac{2}{3}},y=C$
    (3)
    $\begin{array}{rl}{y}^{\prime \prime }(e^x+1)+y^{\prime }& =0\\ 令z=y^{\prime },则:& \\ 当z\ne 0:& \\ z^{\prime }(e^x+1)+z& =0\\ z& =C_1(1+\frac{1}{e^x})\\ y^{\prime }& =C_1(1+\frac{1}{e^x})\\ y& =C_1(x-e^{-x})+C_2\\ 当z=0:& \\ y& =C\end{array}$
    所以，解为$y=C_1(x-e^{-x})+C_2$
    (4)
    $\begin{array}{rl}{y}^{\prime \prime \prime }& =2(y^{\prime \prime }-1)cotx\\ 令z=y^{\prime \prime },则:& \\ 当z\ne 1:& \\ z^{\prime }& =2(z-1)cotx\\ z& =C_{1}si{n}^{2}x+1\\ y^{\prime \prime }& =C_{1}si{n}^{2}x+1\\ y^{\prime }& =\frac{C_1}{4}(2x-sin2x)+x+C_2\\ y& =\frac{C_1}{8}(2x^2+cos2x)+\frac{x^2}{2}+C_{2}x+C_3\\ y& =C_{1}cos2x+(\frac{1}{2}+2C_1)x^2+C_{2}x+C_3\\ 当z=1:& \\ y^{\prime }& =x+C_1\\ y& =\frac{1}{2}{x}^2+C_{1}x+C_2\end{array}$
    所以，解为$y=C_{1}cos2x+(\frac{1}{2}+2C_1)x^2+C_{2}x+C_3$
14. 判断下列方程是否是全微分方程，若是，求出其通积分.
    (1) $(3x^2+4y)dx+(2x+1)dy=0$
    (2) $(x+2y)dx+(2x-y)dy=0$
    (3) $e^{y}dx+(x{e}^y-2y)dy=0$
    (4) $(1+x\sqrt{x^2+y^2})dx+(-1+\sqrt{x^2+y^2})ydy=0$
    (5) $(x+2y)dx+(2x+3y)dy=0$
    (6) $(ax-by)dx+(bx-cy)dy=0(b\ne 0)$
    (7) $(y{e}^x+2e^x+y^2)dx+(e^x+2xy)=0$
    (8) $(a{x}^2+b{y}^2)dx+lxydy=0(a,b,l为常数)$
    解：
    (1)
    因为$\frac{\partial (2x+1)}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (3x^2+4y)}{\partial y}=-2\ne 0$，所以不是。
    (2)
    因为$\frac{\partial (2x-y)}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (x+2y)}{\partial y}=0$，所以是。
    $\begin{array}{rl}(x+2y)dx+(2x-y)dy& =0\\ xdx+2(ydx+xdy)-ydy& =0\\ \frac{1}{2}d{x}^2+2d(xy)-\frac{1}{2}d{y}^2& =0\\ \frac{1}{2}{x}^2+2xy-\frac{1}{2}{y}^2& =C\end{array}$
    (3)
    因为$\frac{\partial (x{e}^y-2y)}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial e^y}{\partial y}=0$，所以是。
    $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int e^{y}dx+\phi (y)=x{e}^y+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int (x{e}^y-2y)-\frac{\partial (x{e}^y)}{\partial y}dy=-y^2+C \\ u(x,y)=x{e}^y-y^2+C \\ x{e}^y-y^2=C \end{gathered}$$
    (4)
    因为$\frac{\partial (-1+\sqrt{x^2+y^2})y}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (1+x\sqrt{x^2+y^2})}{\partial y}=0$，所以是。
    $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int (1+x\sqrt{x^2+y^2})dx+\phi (y)=x+\frac{1}{3}(x^2+y^2{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int (-1+\sqrt{x^2+y^2})y-\frac{\partial (x+\frac{1}{3}(x^2+y^2{)}^{\frac{3}{2}})}{\partial y}dy=-\frac{1}{2}{y}^2+C \\ u(x,y)=x+\frac{1}{3}(x^2+y^2{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}-\frac{1}{2}{y}^2+C \\ \frac{1}{3}(x^2+y^2{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}+x-\frac{1}{2}{y}^2=C \end{gathered}$$
    (5)
    因为$\frac{\partial (2x+3y)}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (x+2y)}{\partial y}=0$，所以是。
    $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int (x+2y)dx+\phi (y)=\frac{1}{2}{x}^2+2xy+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int (2x+3y)-\frac{\partial (\frac{1}{2}{x}^2+2xy)}{\partial y}dy=\frac{3}{2}{y}^2+C \\ u(x,y)=\frac{1}{2}{x}^2+2xy+\frac{3}{2}{y}^2+C \\ {x}^2+4xy+3y^2=C \end{gathered}$$
    (6)
    因为$\frac{\partial (bx-cy)}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (ax-by)}{\partial y}=2b\ne 0$，所以不是。
    (7)
    因为$\frac{\partial (e^x+2xy)}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (y{e}^x+2e^x+y^2)}{\partial y}=0$，所以是。
    $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int (y{e}^x+2e^x+y^2)dx+\phi (y)=(y+2)e^x+x{y}^2+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int (e^x+2xy)-\frac{\partial ((y+2)e^x+x{y}^2)}{\partial y}dy=C \\ u(x,y)=(y+2)e^x+x{y}^2+C \\ (y+2)e^x+x{y}^2=C \end{gathered}$$
    (8)
    $\frac{\partial lxy}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (a{x}^2+b{y}^2)}{\partial y}=ly-2by$
    当$l\ne 2b$时，不是。
    当$l=2b$时，是。
    $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int (a{x}^2+b{y}^2)dx+\phi (y)=\frac{1}{3}a{x}^3+bx{y}^2+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int lxy-\frac{\partial (\frac{1}{3}a{x}^3+bx{y}^2)}{\partial y}dy=C \\ u(x,y)=\frac{1}{3}a{x}^3+bx{y}^2+C \\ \frac{1}{3}a{x}^3+bx{y}^2=C \end{gathered}$$
15. 用观察法求下列各方程的积分因子，并求其通积分.
    (1) $(x+y{)}^2(dx-dy)=dx+dy(x+y\ne 0)$
    (2) $(1+x^2+y^2+x)dx+ydy=0$
    (3) $sinydx+cosydy=0$
    (4) $(x^2+y^2+y)dx-xdy=0$
    (5) $(xdy+ydx)\sqrt{1-y^2}+xydy=0(xy\ne 0,y\ne \pm 1).$
    解：
    (1)
    $\begin{array}{rl}(x+y{)}^2(dx-dy)& =dx+dy\\ d(x-y)& =\frac{d(x+y)}{(x+y{)}^2}\\ x-y+\frac{1}{x+y}& =C\end{array}$
    (2)
    $\begin{array}{rl}(1+x^2+y^2+x)dx+ydy& =0\\ (1+\frac{x}{1+x^2+y^2})dx+\frac{y}{1+x^2+y^2}dy& =0\\ dx+\frac{1}{2}\frac{d(1+x^2+y^2)}{1+x^2+y^2}& =0\\ x+\frac{1}{2}ln(1+x^2+y^2)& =C\end{array}$
    (3)
    $\begin{array}{rl}sinydx+cosydy& =0\\ e^{x}sinydx+e^{x}cosydy& =0\\ d(e^{x}siny)& =0\\ e^{x}siny& =C\end{array}$
    (4)
    $\begin{array}{rl}(x^2+y^2+y)dx-xdy& =0\\ (1+\frac{y}{x^2+y^2})dx-\frac{x}{x^2+y^2}dy& =0\\ dx+\frac{d\frac{x}{y}}{1+\frac{x^2}{y^2}}& =0\\ x+arctan\frac{x}{y}& =C\end{array}$
    (5)
    $\begin{array}{rl}(xdy+ydx)\sqrt{1-y^2}+xydy& =0\\ \frac{xdy+ydx}{xy}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-y^2}}dy& =0\\ \frac{d(xy)}{xy}+darcsiny& =0\\ ln|xy|+arcsiny& =C\end{array}$
16. 利用积分因子，求解下列微分方程：
    (1) $xdx=(2x{y}^{3}dx+3x^2{y}^{2}dy)\sqrt{1+x^2}$
    (2) $(x^2+y)dx-xdy=0$
    (3) $y(x+1)dx+x(y+1)dy=0(xy\ne 0)$
    (4) $(3x^{2}y+2xy+y^3)dx+(x^2+y^2)dy=0$
    (5) $2x{y}^{3}dx+(x^2{y}^2-1)dy=0$
    (6) $e^{x}dx+(e^{x}coty+2ycosy)dy=0$
    解：
    (1)
    $\begin{array}{rl}xdx& =(2x{y}^{3}dx+3x^2{y}^{2}dy)\sqrt{1+x^2}\\ \frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}dx& =2x{y}^{3}dx+3x^2{y}^{2}dy\end{array}$
    $$\begin{gathered} u(x,y)=\int (2x{y}^3)dx+\phi (y)=x^2{y}^3+\phi (y) \\ \phi (y)=\int (3x^2{y}^2)-\frac{\partial (x^2{y}^3)}{\partial y}dy=C \\ u(x,y)=x^2{y}^3+C \end{gathered}$$
    原式为：
    $\begin{array}{rl}d\sqrt{1+x^2}& =d(x^2{y}^3)\\ \sqrt{1+x^2}-x^2{y}^3& =C\end{array}$
    (2)
    $\begin{array}{rl}(x^2+y)dx-xdy& =0\\ dx+\frac{ydx-xdy}{x^2}& =0\\ dx-d\frac{y}{x}& =0\\ x-\frac{y}{x}& =C\end{array}$
    (3)
    $\begin{array}{rl}y(x+1)dx+x(y+1)dy& =0\\ dx+dy+\frac{ydx+xdy}{xy}& =0\\ dx+dy+\frac{d(xy)}{xy}& =0\\ x+y+ln|xy|& =C\end{array}$
    (4)
    $\begin{array}{rl}(3x^{2}y+2xy+y^3)dx+(x^2+y^2)dy& =0\\ (3x^{2}ydx+2xydx+x^{2}dy)+(y^{3}dx+y^{2}dy)& =0\\ (3x^{2}y{e}^{3x}dx+2xy{e}^{3x}dx+x^2{e}^{3x}dy)+(y^3{e}^{3x}dx+y^2{e}^{3x}dy)& =0\\ d(x^{2}y{e}^{3x})+\frac{1}{3}d(y^3{e}^{3x})& =0\\ x^{2}y{e}^{3x}+\frac{y^3{e}^{3x}}{3}& =C\\ 3x^{2}y+y^3& =C{e}^{-3x}\end{array}$
    (5)
    $\begin{array}{rl}2x{y}^{3}dx+(x^2{y}^2-1)dy& =0\\ 2xydx+x^{2}dy-\frac{dy}{y^2}& =0\\ d(x^{2}y)+d\frac{1}{y}& =0\\ x^{2}y+\frac{1}{y}& =C\end{array}$
    (6)
    $\begin{array}{rl}{e}^{x}dx+(e^{x}coty+2ycosy)dy& =0\\ e^{x}sinydx+(e^{x}cosy+2ycosysiny)dy& =0\\ e^{x}sinydx+e^{x}cosydy+ysin2ydy& =0\\ d(e^{x}siny)+ysin2ydy& =0\\ e^{x}siny-\frac{1}{2}ycos2y+\frac{1}{4}sin2y& =C\end{array}$