第五节 极限运算法则
定理 1 两个无穷小的和是无穷小.
推论 有限个无穷小之和也是无穷小.
定理 2 有界函数与无穷小的乘积是无穷小.
推论 1 常数与无穷小的乘积是无穷小.
推论 2 有限个无穷小的乘积是无穷小.
定理 3 如果
lim
f
(
x
)
=
A
,
lim
g
(
x
)
=
B
\lim\limits{f(x)} = A, \lim\limits{g(x)} = B
limf(x)=A,limg(x)=B,那么
(1)
lim
[
f
(
x
)
±
g
(
x
)
]
=
lim
f
(
x
)
±
lim
g
(
x
)
=
A
±
B
\lim [f(x) \pm g(x)] = \lim\limits{f(x)} \pm \lim\limits{g(x)} = A\pm B
lim[f(x)±g(x)]=limf(x)±limg(x)=A±B;
(2)
lim
[
f
(
x
)
⋅
g
(
x
)
]
=
lim
f
(
x
)
⋅
lim
g
(
x
)
=
A
⋅
B
\lim [f(x) \cdot g(x)] = \lim\limits{f(x)} \cdot \lim\limits{g(x)} = A \cdot B
lim[f(x)⋅g(x)]=limf(x)⋅limg(x)=A⋅B;
(3)若又有
B
≠
0
B \ne 0
B=0,则有
lim
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
f
(
x
)
lim
g
(
x
)
=
A
B
.
\lim\limits{\dfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}} = \dfrac{\lim f(x)}{\lim g(x)} = \dfrac{A}{B}.
limg(x)f(x)=limg(x)limf(x)=BA.
推论 1 如果
lim
f
(
x
)
\lim f(x)
limf(x) 存在,而
c
c
c 为常数,那么
lim
[
c
f
(
x
)
]
=
c
lim
f
(
x
)
\lim [cf(x)] = c\lim f(x)
lim[cf(x)]=climf(x).
推论 2 如果
lim
f
(
x
)
\lim f(x)
limf(x) 存在,而
n
n
n 是正整数,那么
lim
[
f
(
x
)
]
n
=
[
lim
f
(
x
)
]
n
\lim [f(x)]^n = [\lim f(x)]^n
lim[f(x)]n=[limf(x)]n.
定理 4 设有数列
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn} 和
{
y
n
}
\{y_n\}
{yn}. 如果
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
=
A
\lim\limits_{n \to \infty}{x_n} = A
n→∞limxn=A,
lim
n
→
∞
y
n
=
B
\lim\limits_{n \to \infty}{y_n} = B
n→∞limyn=B,那么
(1)
lim
n
→
∞
(
x
n
±
y
n
)
=
A
±
B
\lim\limits_{n \to \infty}{(x_n \pm y_n)} = A \pm B
n→∞lim(xn±yn)=A±B;
(2)
lim
n
→
∞
(
x
n
⋅
y
n
)
=
A
⋅
B
\lim\limits_{n \to \infty}{(x_n \cdot y_n)} = A \cdot B
n→∞lim(xn⋅yn)=A⋅B;
(3)当
y
n
≠
0
(
n
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
)
y_n \ne 0 \ (n = 1, 2, \cdots)
yn=0 (n=1,2,⋯) 且
B
≠
0
B \ne 0
B=0 时,
lim
x
n
y
n
=
A
B
\lim \dfrac{x_n}{y_n} = \dfrac{A}{B}
limynxn=BA.
定理 5 如果 φ ( x ) ≥ Ψ ( x ) \varphi (x)\geq \varPsi (x) φ(x)≥Ψ(x),而 lim φ ( x ) = A , lim Ψ ( x ) = B , 那 么 A ≥ B \lim \varphi(x) = A,\lim \varPsi (x) = B,那么 A \geq B limφ(x)=A,limΨ(x)=B,那么A≥B.
定理 6 (复合函数的极限运算法则)设函数
y
=
f
[
g
(
x
)
]
y = f[\ g(x)\ ]
y=f[ g(x) ] 是由函数
u
=
g
(
x
)
u = g(x)
u=g(x) 与函数
y
=
f
(
u
)
y = f(u)
y=f(u) 复合而成,
f
[
g
(
x
)
]
f[\ g(x) \ ]
f[ g(x) ] 在点
x
0
x_0
x0 点某去心邻域内有定义,若
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
=
u
0
\lim\limits{x \to x_0}{g(x)} = u_0
limx→x0g(x)=u0,
lim
u
→
u
0
f
(
u
)
=
A
\lim\limits_{u \to u_0}{f(u)} = A
u→u0limf(u)=A,且存在
δ
>
0
\delta > 0
δ>0,当
x
∈
U
˚
(
x
0
,
δ
0
)
x \in \mathring{U}(x_0, \delta _0)
x∈U˚(x0,δ0),有
g
(
x
)
≠
u
0
g(x) \ne u_0
g(x)=u0,则
lim
x
→
x
0
f
[
g
(
x
)
]
=
lim
u
→
u
0
f
(
u
)
=
A
.
\lim\limits_{x \to x_0}{f[\ g(x)\ ]} = \lim\limits_{u \to u_0}{f(u)} = A.
x→x0limf[ g(x) ]=u→u0limf(u)=A.