PNG文件的读入和写入

最近研究的如何读取和写入png文件。下面就把我的心得和大家分享一下了。

PNG是20世纪90年代中期开始开发的图像文件存储格式，其目的是企图替代GIF和TIFF文件格式，同时增加一些GIF文件格式所不具备的特性。流式网络图形格式(Portable Network Graphic Format，PNG)名称来源于非官方的“PNG's Not GIF”，是一种位图文件(bitmap file)存储格式，读成“ping”。PNG用来存储灰度图像时，灰度图像的深度可多到16位，存储彩色图像时，彩色图像的深度可多到48位，并且还可存储多到16位的α通道数据。PNG使用从LZ77派生的无损数据压缩算法。

PNG的格式具体是如何的。在此就不详细说明了。在网上搜一下就可以看到。

 PNG图像格式文件(或者称为数据流)由一个8字节的PNG文件署名(PNG file signature)域和按照特定结构组织的3个以上的数据块(chunk)组成。 PNG定义了两种类型的数据块，一种是称为关键数据块(critical chunk)，这是标准的数据块，另一种叫做辅助数据块(ancillary chunks)，这是可选的数据块。关键数据块定义了4个标准数据块，每个PNG文件都必须包含它们，PNG读写软件也都必须要支持这些数据块。虽然PNG文件规范没有要求PNG编译码器对可选数据块进行编码和译码，但规范提倡支持可选数据块。

我们所关心的重点是，PNG的格式这么麻烦，我们如何才能在最短时间里完成老板的要求，实现PNG文件的读入和写入操作呢。我保证大家看完我的文章，不到半天就能把程序编好搞定，满意的给老板交差了。

好了，言归正传。我是如何读写PNG文件的？

libpng 是一套免费的、公开源代码的程序库，支持对 PNG 图形文件的创建、读写等操作。可以到www.libpng.org 上下载源代码。libpng 使用 zlib 程序库作为压缩引擎，zlib 也是著名的 gzip (GNU zip) 所采用的压缩引擎。zlib 是通用的压缩库，提供了一套 in-memory 压缩和解压函数，并能检测解压出来的数据的完整性(integrity)。zlib 也支持读写 gzip (.gz) 格式的文件这些都是免费和公开的哦。

在下载了pbglib，并且要下载zlib，如何才能加到代码中呢？以VC6.为例来说明。其他CBuild等编译器相信也一样的。

比如我们从网上下载了一个lpng1210.zip和zlib-1.2.3.tar.tar。首先把他们解压。在lpng的目录中寻找projects/visualc6/libpng.dsw。并在zlib中寻找zlib-1.2.3/projects/visualc6/zlib.dsw。

用vc打开libpng工程文件，把zlib的工程文件也添加进去。设置好在setting中设置好的zlib.lib和pbg.lib的输出路径，以及include路径（这个简单方法相信大家都明白吧）。运行后，就生成了两个静态库了。

lib做好以后，就可以将lib加到我们要做的工程中去。在link中设置好，并将png.h和zlib.h都加进去。这样就可以正式的使用libpng了！相关内容还可以参考一个帖子爱蓝天的网络日记。

下面将将到重点内容了。如何用pnglib实现对文件的读写？我们打开pnglib下面的一个example.c. 注释里面写的很清楚了。

/* Read a PNG file. You may want to return an error code if the read
* fails (depending upon the failure). There are two "prototypes" given
* here - one where we are given the filename, and we need to open the
* file, and the other where we are given an open file (possibly with
* some or all of the magic bytes read - see comments above).
*/
#ifdef open_file /* prototype 1 */
void read_png(char *file_name) /* We need to open the file */
{
定义两个很重要的pngwen文件指针。png_info里面放的是pngchuck和png的数据。

png_structp png_ptr;
png_infop info_ptr;

这些是读出图像需要的参数，图像高。宽、深度、图像类型、交错类型。
unsigned int sig_read = 0;
png_uint_32 width, height;
int bit_depth, color_type, interlace_type;
FILE *fp;

打开文件，把文件指针给png_prt
if ((fp = fopen(file_name, "rb")) == NULL)
return (ERROR);
#else no_open_file /* prototype 2 */
void read_png(FILE *fp, unsigned int sig_read) /* file is already open */
{
png_structp png_ptr;
png_infop info_ptr;
png_uint_32 width, height;
int bit_depth, color_type, interlace_type;
#endif no_open_file /* only use one prototype! */

/* Create and initialize the png_struct with the desired error handler
* functions. If you want to use the default stderr and longjump method,
* you can supply NULL for the last three parameters. We also supply the
* the compiler header file version, so that we know if the application
* was compiled with a compatible version of the library. REQUIRED
*/
png_ptr = png_create_read_struct(PNG_LIBPNG_VER_STRING,
png_voidp user_error_ptr, user_error_fn, user_warning_fn);

if (png_ptr == NULL)
{
fclose(fp);
return (ERROR);
}

/* Allocate/initialize the memory for image information. REQUIRED. */
info_ptr = png_create_info_struct(png_ptr);
if (info_ptr == NULL)
{
fclose(fp);
png_destroy_read_struct(&png_ptr, png_infopp_NULL, png_infopp_NULL);
return (ERROR);
}

/* Set error handling if you are using the setjmp/longjmp method (this is
* the normal method of doing things with libpng). REQUIRED unless you
* set up your own error handlers in the png_create_read_struct() earlier.
*/

if (setjmp(png_jmpbuf(png_ptr)))
{
/* Free all of the memory associated with the png_ptr and info_ptr */
png_destroy_read_struct(&png_ptr, &info_ptr, png_infopp_NULL);
fclose(fp);
/* If we get here, we had a problem reading the file */
return (ERROR);
}

/* One of the following I/O initialization methods is REQUIRED */
#ifdef streams /* PNG file I/O method 1 */
/* Set up the input control if you are using standard C streams */
png_init_io(png_ptr, fp);

#else no_streams /* PNG file I/O method 2 */
/* If you are using replacement read functions, instead of calling
* png_init_io() here you would call:
*/
png_set_read_fn(png_ptr, (void *)user_io_ptr, user_read_fn);
/* where user_io_ptr is a structure you want available to the callbacks */
#endif no_streams /* Use only one I/O method! */

/* If we have already read some of the signature */
png_set_sig_bytes(png_ptr, sig_read);

#ifdef hilevel
/*
* If you have enough memory to read in the entire image at once,
* and you need to specify only transforms that can be controlled
* with one of the PNG_TRANSFORM_* bits (this presently excludes
* dithering, filling, setting background, and doing gamma
* adjustment), then you can read the entire image (including
* pixels) into the info structure with this call:
*/
png_read_png(png_ptr, info_ptr, png_transforms, png_voidp_NULL);
#else
/* OK, you're doing it the hard way, with the lower-level functions */

/* The call to png_read_info() gives us all of the information from the
* PNG file before the first IDAT (image data chunk). REQUIRED
*/
png_read_info(png_ptr, info_ptr);

png_get_IHDR(png_ptr, info_ptr, &width, &height, &bit_depth, &color_type,
&interlace_type, int_p_NULL, int_p_NULL);

/* Set up the data transformations you want. Note that these are all
* optional. Only call them if you want/need them. Many of the
* transformations only work on specific types of images, and many
* are mutually exclusive.
*/

/* tell libpng to strip 16 bit/color files down to 8 bits/color */
png_set_strip_16(png_ptr);

/* Strip alpha bytes from the input data without combining with the
* background (not recommended).
*/
png_set_strip_alpha(png_ptr);

/* Extract multiple pixels with bit depths of 1, 2, and 4 from a single
* byte into separate bytes (useful for paletted and grayscale images).
*/
png_set_packing(png_ptr);

/* Change the order of packed pixels to least significant bit first
* (not useful if you are using png_set_packing). */
png_set_packswap(png_ptr);

/* Expand paletted colors into true RGB triplets */
if (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_PALETTE)
png_set_palette_rgb(png_ptr);

/* Expand grayscale images to the full 8 bits from 1, 2, or 4 bits/pixel */
if (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY && bit_depth < 8)
png_set_gray_1_2_4_to_8(png_ptr);

/* Expand paletted or RGB images with transparency to full alpha channels
* so the data will be available as RGBA quartets.
*/
if (png_get_valid(png_ptr, info_ptr, PNG_INFO_tRNS))
png_set_tRNS_to_alpha(png_ptr);

/* Set the background color to draw transparent and alpha images over.
* It is possible to set the red, green, and blue components directly
* for paletted images instead of supplying a palette index. Note that
* even if the PNG file supplies a background, you are not required to
* use it - you should use the (solid) application background if it has one.
*/

png_color_16 my_background, *image_background;

if (png_get_bKGD(png_ptr, info_ptr, &image_background))
png_set_background(png_ptr, image_background,
PNG_BACKGROUND_GAMMA_FILE, 1, 1.0);
else
png_set_background(png_ptr, &my_background,
PNG_BACKGROUND_GAMMA_SCREEN, 0, 1.0);

/* Some suggestions as to how to get a screen gamma value */

/* Note that screen gamma is the display_exponent, which includes
* the CRT_exponent and any correction for viewing conditions */
if (/* We have a user-defined screen gamma value */)
{
screen_gamma = user-defined screen_gamma;
}
/* This is one way that applications share the same screen gamma value */
else if ((gamma_str = getenv("SCREEN_GAMMA")) != NULL)
{
screen_gamma = atof(gamma_str);
}
/* If we don't have another value */
else
{
screen_gamma = 2.2; /* A good guess for a PC monitors in a dimly
lit room */
screen_gamma = 1.7 or 1.0; /* A good guess for Mac systems */
}

/* Tell libpng to handle the gamma conversion for you. The final call
* is a good guess for PC generated images, but it should be configurable
* by the user at run time by the user. It is strongly suggested that
* your application support gamma correction.
*/

int intent;

if (png_get_sRGB(png_ptr, info_ptr, &intent))
png_set_gamma(png_ptr, screen_gamma, 0.45455);
else
{
double image_gamma;
if (png_get_gAMA(png_ptr, info_ptr, &image_gamma))
png_set_gamma(png_ptr, screen_gamma, image_gamma);
else
png_set_gamma(png_ptr, screen_gamma, 0.45455);
}

/* Dither RGB files down to 8 bit palette or reduce palettes
* to the number of colors available on your screen.
*/
if (color_type & PNG_COLOR_MASK_COLOR)
{
int num_palette;
png_colorp palette;

/* This reduces the image to the application supplied palette */
if (/* we have our own palette */)
{
/* An array of colors to which the image should be dithered */
png_color std_color_cube[MAX_SCREEN_COLORS];

png_set_dither(png_ptr, std_color_cube, MAX_SCREEN_COLORS,
MAX_SCREEN_COLORS, png_uint_16p_NULL, 0);
}
/* This reduces the image to the palette supplied in the file */
else if (png_get_PLTE(png_ptr, info_ptr, &palette, &num_palette))
{
png_uint_16p histogram = NULL;

png_get_hIST(png_ptr, info_ptr, &histogram);

png_set_dither(png_ptr, palette, num_palette,
max_screen_colors, histogram, 0);
}
}

/* invert monochrome files to have 0 as white and 1 as black */
png_set_invert_mono(png_ptr);

/* If you want to shift the pixel values from the range [0,255] or
* [0,65535] to the original [0,7] or [0,31], or whatever range the
* colors were originally in:
*/
if (png_get_valid(png_ptr, info_ptr, PNG_INFO_sBIT))
{
png_color_8p sig_bit;

png_get_sBIT(png_ptr, info_ptr, &sig_bit);
png_set_shift(png_ptr, sig_bit);
}

/* flip the RGB pixels to BGR (or RGBA to BGRA) */
if (color_type & PNG_COLOR_MASK_COLOR)
png_set_bgr(png_ptr);

/* swap the RGBA or GA data to ARGB or AG (or BGRA to ABGR) */
png_set_swap_alpha(png_ptr);

/* swap bytes of 16 bit files to least significant byte first */
png_set_swap(png_ptr);

/* Add filler (or alpha) byte (before/after each RGB triplet) */
png_set_filler(png_ptr, 0xff, PNG_FILLER_AFTER);

/* Turn on interlace handling. REQUIRED if you are not using
* png_read_image(). To see how to handle interlacing passes,
* see the png_read_row() method below:
*/
number_passes = png_set_interlace_handling(png_ptr);

/* Optional call to gamma correct and add the background to the palette
* and update info structure. REQUIRED if you are expecting libpng to
* update the palette for you (ie you selected such a transform above).
*/
png_read_update_info(png_ptr, info_ptr);

/* Allocate the memory to hold the image using the fields of info_ptr. */

/* The easiest way to read the image: */
png_bytep row_pointers[height];

for (row = 0; row < height; row++)
{
row_pointers[row] = png_malloc(png_ptr, png_get_rowbytes(png_ptr,
info_ptr));
}

/* Now it's time to read the image. One of these methods is REQUIRED */
#ifdef entire /* Read the entire image in one go */
png_read_image(png_ptr, row_pointers);

#else no_entire /* Read the image one or more scanlines at a time */
/* The other way to read images - deal with interlacing: */

for (pass = 0; pass < number_passes; pass++)
{
#ifdef single /* Read the image a single row at a time */
for (y = 0; y < height; y++)
{
png_read_rows(png_ptr, &row_pointers[y], png_bytepp_NULL, 1);
}

#else no_single /* Read the image several rows at a time */
for (y = 0; y < height; y += number_of_rows)
{
#ifdef sparkle /* Read the image using the "sparkle" effect. */
png_read_rows(png_ptr, &row_pointers[y], png_bytepp_NULL,
number_of_rows);
#else no_sparkle /* Read the image using the "rectangle" effect */
png_read_rows(png_ptr, png_bytepp_NULL, &row_pointers[y],
number_of_rows);
#endif no_sparkle /* use only one of these two methods */
}

/* if you want to display the image after every pass, do
so here */
#endif no_single /* use only one of these two methods */
}
#endif no_entire /* use only one of these two methods */

/* read rest of file, and get additional chunks in info_ptr - REQUIRED */
png_read_end(png_ptr, info_ptr);
#endif hilevel

/* At this point you have read the entire image */

/* clean up after the read, and free any memory allocated - REQUIRED */
png_destroy_read_struct(&png_ptr, &info_ptr, png_infopp_NULL);

/* close the file */
fclose(fp);

/* that's it */
return (OK);
}

/* progressively read a file */

 

对于interplace的文件，要想顺利的读入，要用png updateinfo，这个是很关键的一点。

写文件也是类似的，可以参考example里面的相关函数。

另外采用pnglib读写文件，最好的demo是CXImage，大家可以找出来看看。