Windows上无法使用thread头文件
问题描述与分析
最近在学习C++多线程编程，没想到第一步就出现了问题。首先写了一份简单的测试代码（位于d:\test.cpp）：
#include <iostream>
#include <mutex>
#include <thread>
using namespace std;
void f() { cout << "啊啊" << endl; }
int main() {
thread a(f);
a.join();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
命令行输入下述命令进行编译：
E:\SoftwareFiles\MinGW\bin\g++.exe -g -std=c++14 d:\test.cpp -o d:\test.exe
出现报错：
d:\test.cpp: In function 'int main()':
d:\test.cpp:7:3: error: 'thread' was not declared in this scope
7 | thread a(f);
| ^~~~~~
d:\test.cpp:4:1: note: 'std::thread' is defined in header '<thread>'; did you forget to '#include <thread>'?
3 | #include <thread>
+++ |+#include <thread>
4 | using namespace std;
d:\test.cpp:9:3: error: 'a' was not declared in this scope
9 | a.join();
| ^
根据报错信息，g++似乎没有识别出我在文件内包含的thread头文件，但是我确实包含了呀，这是为什么呢？
在Visual Studio Code中用Ctrl+左键点击头文件可以打开对应的头文件源代码，打开后发现其中的class thread{...};部分是暗色的，即有一些宏定义使得这段代码失效了（文章末尾会贴上我的电脑中完整的thread头文件源代码，供大家比对）。进一步查看是有个_GLIBCXX_HAS_GTHREADS宏没有定义：
......
#if defined(_GLIBCXX_HAS_GTHREADS) // ←这个if defined包的代码都是暗色（不可用）的
namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
......
class thread
{
......
}
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace
#endif // _GLIBCXX_HAS_GTHREADS
......
也就是说class thread因为没有这个宏定义而被忽略掉了，编译器就会认为我没有包thread头文件，就会报错（还贴心地让我包头文件）。
尝试解决问题
既然是没有读到class thread的定义，那思路当然就是想办法让它读到了。我水平有限，不敢直接改头文件，所以尝试在代码中加上这个宏的定义。将d:\test.cpp代码改为：
#include <iostream>
#include <mutex>
#define _GLIBCXX_HAS_GTHREADS
#include <thread>
using namespace std;
void f() { cout << "啊啊" << endl; }
int main() {
thread a(f);
a.join();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
也就是手动加上这个宏定义，然后命令行编译：
E:\SoftwareFiles\MinGW\bin\g++.exe -g -std=c++14 d:\test.cpp -o d:\test.exe
结果报错更多了：
In file included from d:\test.cpp:6:
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread:74:13: error: '__gthread_t' does not name a type; did you mean '__gthread_once'?
74 | typedef __gthread_t native_handle_type;
| ^~~~~~~~~~~
| __gthread_once
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread:79:7: error: 'native_handle_type' does not name a type
79 | native_handle_type _M_thread;
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread:85:28: error: expected ')' before '__id'
85 | id(native_handle_type __id) : _M_thread(__id) { }
| ~ ^~~~~
| )
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread:177:5: error: 'native_handle_type' does not name a type
177 | native_handle_type
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread: In constructor 'std::thread::id::id()':
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread:82:23: error: class 'std::thread::id' does not have any field named '_M_thread'
82 | id() noexcept : _M_thread() { }
| ^~~~~~~~~
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread: In function 'bool std::operator==(std::thread::id, std::thread::id)':
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread:282:16: error: 'class std::thread::id' has no member named '_M_thread'
282 | return __x._M_thread == __y._M_thread;
| ^~~~~~~~~
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread:282:33: error: 'class std::thread::id' has no member named '_M_thread'
282 | return __x._M_thread == __y._M_thread;
| ^~~~~~~~~
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread: In function 'bool std::operator<(std::thread::id, std::thread::id)':
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread:294:16: error: 'class std::thread::id' has no member named '_M_thread'
294 | return __x._M_thread < __y._M_thread;
| ^~~~~~~~~
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread:294:32: error: 'class std::thread::id' has no member named '_M_thread'
294 | return __x._M_thread < __y._M_thread;
| ^~~~~~~~~
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread: In member function 'std::size_t std::hash<std::thread::id>::operator()(const std::thread::id&) const':
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread:317:43: error: 'const class std::thread::id' has no member named '_M_thread'
317 | { return std::_Hash_impl::hash(__id._M_thread); }
| ^~~~~~~~~
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread: In function 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&, std::thread::id)':
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread:327:23: error: 'class std::thread::id' has no member named '_M_thread'
327 | return __out << __id._M_thread;
| ^~~~~~~~~
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread: In function 'std::thread::id std::this_thread::get_id(
':
e:\softwarefiles\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\9.2.0\include\c++\thread:348:25: error: '__gthread_self' was not declared in this scope; did you mean '__gthread_once'?
348 | return thread::id(__gthread_self());
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~
| __gthread_once
看起来问题是有些具体的实现没搞定，或者被另外的宏屏蔽了。有点无从下手了，似乎这个不是自己开启宏定义就能解决这么简单。后来在网上搜索了很久了，大概搞清楚了怎么回事了，特此记录一下：
gcc在windows上对多线程的支持有两套api，分别是win32和posix，前者会禁用std::thread，对应的你可以使用_beginthreadex等函数创建线程（这个函数在头文件process.h中，一份典型的样例代码可见https://www.xuebuyuan.com/3255482.html，亲测可通过编译并正确输出结果）；后者则支持std::thread。如果想查看自己的gcc采用了哪一套，可以在命令行输入命令：
g++ -v
我的输出是：
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=E:\SoftwareFiles\MinGW\bin\g++.exe
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=e:/softwarefiles/mingw/bin/../libexec/gcc/mingw32/9.2.0/lto-wrapper.exe
Target: mingw32
Configured with: ../src/gcc-9.2.0/configure --build=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu --host=mingw32 --target=mingw32 --disable-win32-registry --with-arch=i586 --with-tune=generic --enable-static --enable-shared --enable-threads --enable-languages=c,c++,objc,obj-c++,fortran,ada --with-dwarf2 --disable-sjlj-exceptions --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs --enable-libgomp --disable-libvtv --with-libiconv-prefix=/mingw --with-libintl-prefix=/mingw --enable-libstdcxx-debug --disable-build-format-warnings --prefix=/mingw --with-gmp=/mingw --with-mpfr=/mingw --with-mpc=/mingw --with-isl=/mingw --enable-nls --with-pkgversion='MinGW.org GCC Build-2'
Thread model: win32
gcc version 9.2.0 (MinGW.org GCC Build-2)
其中Thread model: win32就表明我的gcc采用了win32的线程api。
解决问题
既然搞懂了原因，那就很好解决了，只要再装一个采用posix的gcc，然后用它编译即可。
前往MinGW_W64的下载网站http://mingw-w64.org/doku.php/download/mingw-builds，点击页面上的Installation: Sourceforge中那个链接，就会自动跳转并开始下载安装包，例如我就会下载到mingw-w64-install.exe。双击运行，可以看到有选择线程架构的页面：
选好posix，然后安装好。在命令行中使用新的g++对一开始的d:test.cpp（即未加宏定义的）进行编译：
E:\SoftwareFiles\MinGW_W64\mingw32\bin\g++.exe -g -std=c++14 d:\test.cpp -o d:\test.exe
正常通过，然后命令行打开编译出来的可执行文件：
d:\test.exe
正常输出结果：
啊啊
Press any key to continue . . .
至此问题就完全解决了。
附录
-
原来的
thread头文件源代码：// <thread> -*- C++ -*- // Copyright (C) 2008-2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc. // // This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. This library is free // software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the // terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the // Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) // any later version. // This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the // GNU General Public License for more details. // Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional // permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version // 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation. // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and // a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program; // see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively. If not, see // <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. /** @file include/thread * This is a Standard C++ Library header. */ #ifndef _GLIBCXX_THREAD #define _GLIBCXX_THREAD 1 #pragma GCC system_header #if __cplusplus < 201103L # include <bits/c++0x_warning.h> #else #include <chrono> #include <memory> #include <tuple> #include <cerrno> #include <bits/functexcept.h> #include <bits/functional_hash.h> #include <bits/invoke.h> #include <bits/gthr.h> #if defined(_GLIBCXX_HAS_GTHREADS) namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default) { _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION /** * @defgroup threads Threads * @ingroup concurrency * * Classes for thread support. * @{ */ /// thread class thread { public: // Abstract base class for types that wrap arbitrary functors to be // invoked in the new thread of execution. struct _State { virtual ~_State(); virtual void _M_run() = 0; }; using _State_ptr = unique_ptr<_State>; typedef __gthread_t native_handle_type; /// thread::id class id { native_handle_type _M_thread; public: id() noexcept : _M_thread() { } explicit id(native_handle_type __id) : _M_thread(__id) { } private: friend class thread; friend class hash<thread::id>; friend bool operator==(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept; friend bool operator<(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept; template<class _CharT, class _Traits> friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, thread::id __id); }; private: id _M_id; // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS // 2097. packaged_task constructors should be constrained // 3039. Unnecessary decay in thread and packaged_task template<typename _Tp> using __not_same = __not_<is_same<__remove_cvref_t<_Tp>, thread>>; public: thread() noexcept = default; template<typename _Callable, typename... _Args, typename = _Require<__not_same<_Callable>>> explicit thread(_Callable&& __f, _Args&&... __args) { static_assert( __is_invocable<typename decay<_Callable>::type, typename decay<_Args>::type...>::value, "std::thread arguments must be invocable after conversion to rvalues" ); #ifdef GTHR_ACTIVE_PROXY // Create a reference to pthread_create, not just the gthr weak symbol. auto __depend = reinterpret_cast<void(*)()>(&pthread_create); #else auto __depend = nullptr; #endif _M_start_thread(_S_make_state( __make_invoker(std::forward<_Callable>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)), __depend); } ~thread() { if (joinable()) std::terminate(); } thread(const thread&) = delete; thread(thread&& __t) noexcept { swap(__t); } thread& operator=(const thread&) = delete; thread& operator=(thread&& __t) noexcept { if (joinable()) std::terminate(); swap(__t); return *this; } void swap(thread& __t) noexcept { std::swap(_M_id, __t._M_id); } bool joinable() const noexcept { return !(_M_id == id()); } void join(); void detach(); thread::id get_id() const noexcept { return _M_id; } /** @pre thread is joinable */ native_handle_type native_handle() { return _M_id._M_thread; } // Returns a value that hints at the number of hardware thread contexts. static unsigned int hardware_concurrency() noexcept; private: template<typename _Callable> struct _State_impl : public _State { _Callable _M_func; _State_impl(_Callable&& __f) : _M_func(std::forward<_Callable>(__f)) { } void _M_run() { _M_func(); } }; void _M_start_thread(_State_ptr, void (*)()); template<typename _Callable> static _State_ptr _S_make_state(_Callable&& __f) { using _Impl = _State_impl<_Callable>; return _State_ptr{new _Impl{std::forward<_Callable>(__f)}}; } #if _GLIBCXX_THREAD_ABI_COMPAT public: struct _Impl_base; typedef shared_ptr<_Impl_base> __shared_base_type; struct _Impl_base { __shared_base_type _M_this_ptr; virtual ~_Impl_base() = default; virtual void _M_run() = 0; }; private: void _M_start_thread(__shared_base_type, void (*)()); void _M_start_thread(__shared_base_type); #endif private: // A call wrapper that does INVOKE(forwarded tuple elements...) template<typename _Tuple> struct _Invoker { _Tuple _M_t; template<typename> struct __result; template<typename _Fn, typename... _Args> struct __result<tuple<_Fn, _Args...>> : __invoke_result<_Fn, _Args...> { }; template<size_t... _Ind> typename __result<_Tuple>::type _M_invoke(_Index_tuple<_Ind...>) { return std::__invoke(std::get<_Ind>(std::move(_M_t))...); } typename __result<_Tuple>::type operator()() { using _Indices = typename _Build_index_tuple<tuple_size<_Tuple>::value>::__type; return _M_invoke(_Indices()); } }; template<typename... _Tp> using __decayed_tuple = tuple<typename decay<_Tp>::type...>; public: // Returns a call wrapper that stores // tuple{DECAY_COPY(__callable), DECAY_COPY(__args)...}. template<typename _Callable, typename... _Args> static _Invoker<__decayed_tuple<_Callable, _Args...>> __make_invoker(_Callable&& __callable, _Args&&... __args) { return { __decayed_tuple<_Callable, _Args...>{ std::forward<_Callable>(__callable), std::forward<_Args>(__args)... } }; } }; inline void swap(thread& __x, thread& __y) noexcept { __x.swap(__y); } inline bool operator==(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept { // pthread_equal is undefined if either thread ID is not valid, so we // can't safely use __gthread_equal on default-constructed values (nor // the non-zero value returned by this_thread::get_id() for // single-threaded programs using GNU libc). Assume EqualityComparable. return __x._M_thread == __y._M_thread; } inline bool operator!=(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept { return !(__x == __y); } inline bool operator<(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept { // Pthreads doesn't define any way to do this, so we just have to // assume native_handle_type is LessThanComparable. return __x._M_thread < __y._M_thread; } inline bool operator<=(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept { return !(__y < __x); } inline bool operator>(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept { return __y < __x; } inline bool operator>=(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept { return !(__x < __y); } // DR 889. /// std::hash specialization for thread::id. template<> struct hash<thread::id> : public __hash_base<size_t, thread::id> { size_t operator()(const thread::id& __id) const noexcept { return std::_Hash_impl::hash(__id._M_thread); } }; template<class _CharT, class _Traits> inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, thread::id __id) { if (__id == thread::id()) return __out << "thread::id of a non-executing thread"; else return __out << __id._M_thread; } /** @namespace std::this_thread * @brief ISO C++ 2011 entities sub-namespace for thread. * 30.3.2 Namespace this_thread. */ namespace this_thread { /// get_id inline thread::id get_id() noexcept { #ifdef __GLIBC__ // For the GNU C library pthread_self() is usable without linking to // libpthread.so but returns 0, so we cannot use it in single-threaded // programs, because this_thread::get_id() != thread::id{} must be true. // We know that pthread_t is an integral type in the GNU C library. if (!__gthread_active_p()) return thread::id(1); #endif return thread::id(__gthread_self()); } /// yield inline void yield() noexcept { #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_SCHED_YIELD __gthread_yield(); #endif } void __sleep_for(chrono::seconds, chrono::nanoseconds); /// sleep_for template<typename _Rep, typename _Period> inline void sleep_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rtime) { if (__rtime <= __rtime.zero()) return; auto __s = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(__rtime); auto __ns = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::nanoseconds>(__rtime - __s); #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_NANOSLEEP __gthread_time_t __ts = { static_cast<std::time_t>(__s.count()), static_cast<long>(__ns.count()) }; while (::nanosleep(&__ts, &__ts) == -1 && errno == EINTR) { } #else __sleep_for(__s, __ns); #endif } /// sleep_until template<typename _Clock, typename _Duration> inline void sleep_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __atime) { auto __now = _Clock::now(); if (_Clock::is_steady) { if (__now < __atime) sleep_for(__atime - __now); return; } while (__now < __atime) { sleep_for(__atime - __now); __now = _Clock::now(); } } } // @} group threads _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION } // namespace #endif // _GLIBCXX_HAS_GTHREADS #endif // C++11 #endif // _GLIBCXX_THREAD -
新的
thread头文件源代码：// <thread> -*- C++ -*- // Copyright (C) 2008-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. // // This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. This library is free // software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the // terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the // Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) // any later version. // This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the // GNU General Public License for more details. // Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional // permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version // 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation. // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and // a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program; // see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively. If not, see // <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. /** @file include/thread * This is a Standard C++ Library header. */ #ifndef _GLIBCXX_THREAD #define _GLIBCXX_THREAD 1 #pragma GCC system_header #if __cplusplus < 201103L # include <bits/c++0x_warning.h> #else #include <chrono> #include <memory> #include <tuple> #include <cerrno> #include <bits/functexcept.h> #include <bits/functional_hash.h> #include <bits/invoke.h> #include <bits/gthr.h> #if defined(_GLIBCXX_HAS_GTHREADS) && defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_C99_STDINT_TR1) namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default) { _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION /** * @defgroup threads Threads * @ingroup concurrency * * Classes for thread support. * @{ */ /// thread class thread { public: // Abstract base class for types that wrap arbitrary functors to be // invoked in the new thread of execution. struct _State { virtual ~_State(); virtual void _M_run() = 0; }; using _State_ptr = unique_ptr<_State>; typedef __gthread_t native_handle_type; /// thread::id class id { native_handle_type _M_thread; public: id() noexcept : _M_thread() { } explicit id(native_handle_type __id) : _M_thread(__id) { } private: friend class thread; friend class hash<thread::id>; friend bool operator==(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept; friend bool operator<(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept; template<class _CharT, class _Traits> friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, thread::id __id); }; private: id _M_id; public: thread() noexcept = default; // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS // 2097. packaged_task constructors should be constrained thread(thread&) = delete; thread(const thread&) = delete; thread(const thread&&) = delete; thread(thread&& __t) noexcept { swap(__t); } template<typename _Callable, typename... _Args> explicit thread(_Callable&& __f, _Args&&... __args) { #ifdef GTHR_ACTIVE_PROXY // Create a reference to pthread_create, not just the gthr weak symbol. auto __depend = reinterpret_cast<void(*)()>(&pthread_create); #else auto __depend = nullptr; #endif _M_start_thread(_S_make_state( __make_invoker(std::forward<_Callable>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)), __depend); } ~thread() { if (joinable()) std::terminate(); } thread& operator=(const thread&) = delete; thread& operator=(thread&& __t) noexcept { if (joinable()) std::terminate(); swap(__t); return *this; } void swap(thread& __t) noexcept { std::swap(_M_id, __t._M_id); } bool joinable() const noexcept { return !(_M_id == id()); } void join(); void detach(); thread::id get_id() const noexcept { return _M_id; } /** @pre thread is joinable */ native_handle_type native_handle() { return _M_id._M_thread; } // Returns a value that hints at the number of hardware thread contexts. static unsigned int hardware_concurrency() noexcept; private: template<typename _Callable> struct _State_impl : public _State { _Callable _M_func; _State_impl(_Callable&& __f) : _M_func(std::forward<_Callable>(__f)) { } void _M_run() { _M_func(); } }; void _M_start_thread(_State_ptr, void (*)()); template<typename _Callable> static _State_ptr _S_make_state(_Callable&& __f) { using _Impl = _State_impl<_Callable>; return _State_ptr{new _Impl{std::forward<_Callable>(__f)}}; } #if _GLIBCXX_THREAD_ABI_COMPAT public: struct _Impl_base; typedef shared_ptr<_Impl_base> __shared_base_type; struct _Impl_base { __shared_base_type _M_this_ptr; virtual ~_Impl_base() = default; virtual void _M_run() = 0; }; private: void _M_start_thread(__shared_base_type, void (*)()); void _M_start_thread(__shared_base_type); #endif private: // A call wrapper that does INVOKE(forwarded tuple elements...) template<typename _Tuple> struct _Invoker { _Tuple _M_t; template<size_t _Index> static __tuple_element_t<_Index, _Tuple>&& _S_declval(); template<size_t... _Ind> auto _M_invoke(_Index_tuple<_Ind...>) noexcept(noexcept(std::__invoke(_S_declval<_Ind>()...))) -> decltype(std::__invoke(_S_declval<_Ind>()...)) { return std::__invoke(std::get<_Ind>(std::move(_M_t))...); } using _Indices = typename _Build_index_tuple<tuple_size<_Tuple>::value>::__type; auto operator()() noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<_Invoker&>()._M_invoke(_Indices()))) -> decltype(std::declval<_Invoker&>()._M_invoke(_Indices())) { return _M_invoke(_Indices()); } }; template<typename... _Tp> using __decayed_tuple = tuple<typename std::decay<_Tp>::type...>; public: // Returns a call wrapper that stores // tuple{DECAY_COPY(__callable), DECAY_COPY(__args)...}. template<typename _Callable, typename... _Args> static _Invoker<__decayed_tuple<_Callable, _Args...>> __make_invoker(_Callable&& __callable, _Args&&... __args) { return { __decayed_tuple<_Callable, _Args...>{ std::forward<_Callable>(__callable), std::forward<_Args>(__args)... } }; } }; inline void swap(thread& __x, thread& __y) noexcept { __x.swap(__y); } inline bool operator==(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept { // pthread_equal is undefined if either thread ID is not valid, so we // can't safely use __gthread_equal on default-constructed values (nor // the non-zero value returned by this_thread::get_id() for // single-threaded programs using GNU libc). Assume EqualityComparable. return __x._M_thread == __y._M_thread; } inline bool operator!=(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept { return !(__x == __y); } inline bool operator<(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept { // Pthreads doesn't define any way to do this, so we just have to // assume native_handle_type is LessThanComparable. return __x._M_thread < __y._M_thread; } inline bool operator<=(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept { return !(__y < __x); } inline bool operator>(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept { return __y < __x; } inline bool operator>=(thread::id __x, thread::id __y) noexcept { return !(__x < __y); } // DR 889. /// std::hash specialization for thread::id. template<> struct hash<thread::id> : public __hash_base<size_t, thread::id> { size_t operator()(const thread::id& __id) const noexcept { return std::_Hash_impl::hash(__id._M_thread); } }; template<class _CharT, class _Traits> inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, thread::id __id) { if (__id == thread::id()) return __out << "thread::id of a non-executing thread"; else return __out << __id._M_thread; } /** @namespace std::this_thread * @brief ISO C++ 2011 entities sub-namespace for thread. * 30.3.2 Namespace this_thread. */ namespace this_thread { /// get_id inline thread::id get_id() noexcept { #ifdef __GLIBC__ // For the GNU C library pthread_self() is usable without linking to // libpthread.so but returns 0, so we cannot use it in single-threaded // programs, because this_thread::get_id() != thread::id{} must be true. // We know that pthread_t is an integral type in the GNU C library. if (!__gthread_active_p()) return thread::id(1); #endif return thread::id(__gthread_self()); } /// yield inline void yield() noexcept { #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_SCHED_YIELD __gthread_yield(); #endif } void __sleep_for(chrono::seconds, chrono::nanoseconds); /// sleep_for template<typename _Rep, typename _Period> inline void sleep_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rtime) { if (__rtime <= __rtime.zero()) return; auto __s = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(__rtime); auto __ns = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::nanoseconds>(__rtime - __s); #ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_NANOSLEEP __gthread_time_t __ts = { static_cast<std::time_t>(__s.count()), static_cast<long>(__ns.count()) }; while (::nanosleep(&__ts, &__ts) == -1 && errno == EINTR) { } #else __sleep_for(__s, __ns); #endif } /// sleep_until template<typename _Clock, typename _Duration> inline void sleep_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __atime) { auto __now = _Clock::now(); if (_Clock::is_steady) { if (__now < __atime) sleep_for(__atime - __now); return; } while (__now < __atime) { sleep_for(__atime - __now); __now = _Clock::now(); } } } // @} group threads _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION } // namespace #endif // _GLIBCXX_HAS_GTHREADS && _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_STDINT_TR1 #endif // C++11 #endif // _GLIBCXX_THREAD
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