libcxx new的实现，以及新标准的用法

概述

new是c++的new 运算符，new所做的工作：

• 分配内存空间
• 在分配的内存空间里，构造和初始化一个没有名字的对象，或者一个没有名字的对象数组。new表达式返回的是一个右值指针，指针指向的是分配空间的其实地址。
  c++ 14\17\2a 中增加了一些新的用法

new用法

// new synopsis
namespace std
{

class bad_alloc
    : public exception
{
public:
    bad_alloc() noexcept;
    bad_alloc(const bad_alloc&) noexcept;
    bad_alloc& operator=(const bad_alloc&) noexcept;
    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
};

class bad_array_new_length : public bad_alloc // C++14
{
public:
    bad_array_new_length() noexcept;
};

enum class align_val_t : size_t {}; // C++17

struct destroying_delete_t { // C++20
  explicit destroying_delete_t() = default;
};
inline constexpr destroying_delete_t destroying_delete{}; // C++20

struct nothrow_t { explicit nothrow_t() = default; };
extern const nothrow_t nothrow;
typedef void (*new_handler)();
new_handler set_new_handler(new_handler new_p) noexcept;
new_handler get_new_handler() noexcept;

// 21.6.4, pointer optimization barrier
template <class T> constexpr T* launder(T* p) noexcept; // C++17
}  // std

void* operator new(std::size_t size);                                   // replaceable, nodiscard in C++2a
void* operator new(std::size_t size, std::align_val_t alignment);       // replaceable, C++17, nodiscard in C++2a
void* operator new(std::size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;   // replaceable, nodiscard in C++2a
void* operator new(std::size_t size, std::align_val_t alignment,
                   const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;                     // replaceable, C++17, nodiscard in C++2a
void  operator delete(void* ptr) noexcept;                              // replaceable
void  operator delete(void* ptr, std::size_t size) noexcept;            // replaceable, C++14
void  operator delete(void* ptr, std::align_val_t alignment) noexcept;  // replaceable, C++17
void  operator delete(void* ptr, std::size_t size,
                      std::align_val_t alignment) noexcept;             // replaceable, C++17
void  operator delete(void* ptr, const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;       // replaceable
void  operator delete(void* ptr, std:align_val_t alignment,
                      const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;                  // replaceable, C++17

void* operator new[](std::size_t size);                                 // replaceable, nodiscard in C++2a
void* operator new[](std::size_t size,
                     std::align_val_t alignment) noexcept;              // replaceable, C++17, nodiscard in C++2a
void* operator new[](std::size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept; // replaceable, nodiscard in C++2a
void* operator new[](std::size_t size, std::align_val_t alignment,
                     const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;                   // replaceable, C++17, nodiscard in C++2a
void  operator delete[](void* ptr) noexcept;                            // replaceable
void  operator delete[](void* ptr, std::size_t size) noexcept;          // replaceable, C++14
void  operator delete[](void* ptr,
                        std::align_val_t alignment) noexcept;           // replaceable, C++17
void  operator delete[](void* ptr, std::size_t size,
                        std::align_val_t alignment) noexcept;           // replaceable, C++17
void  operator delete[](void* ptr, const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;     // replaceable
void  operator delete[](void* ptr, std::align_val_t alignment,
                        const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;                // replaceable, C++17

void* operator new  (std::size_t size, void* ptr) noexcept;             // nodiscard in C++2a
void* operator new[](std::size_t size, void* ptr) noexcept;             // nodiscard in C++2a
void  operator delete  (void* ptr, void*) noexcept;
void  operator delete[](void* ptr, void*) noexcept;

这new比较简洁提供几个操作方法
参考
c++11 中提供3中方法

throwing (1)	void* operator new (std::size_t size);
nothrow (2)	void* operator new (std::size_t size, const std::nothrow_t& nothrow_value) noexcept;
placement (3)	void* operator new (std::size_t size, void* ptr) noexcept;

Example

// operator new example
#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <new>          // ::operator new

struct MyClass {
  int data[100];
  MyClass() {std::cout << "constructed [" << this << "]\n";}
};

int main () {

  std::cout << "1: ";
  MyClass * p1 = new MyClass;
      // allocates memory by calling: operator new (sizeof(MyClass))
      // and then constructs an object at the newly allocated space

  std::cout << "2: ";
  MyClass * p2 = new (std::nothrow) MyClass;
      // allocates memory by calling: operator new (sizeof(MyClass),std::nothrow)
      // and then constructs an object at the newly allocated space
  std::cout << "3: ";
  new (p2) MyClass;
      // does not allocate memory -- calls: operator new (sizeof(MyClass),p2)
      // but constructs an object at p2

  // Notice though that calling this function directly does not construct an object:
  std::cout << "4: ";
  MyClass * p3 = (MyClass*) ::operator new (sizeof(MyClass));
      // allocates memory by calling: operator new (sizeof(MyClass))
      // but does not call MyClass's constructor

  delete p1;
  delete p2;
  delete p3;

  return 0;
}

Possible output:
1: constructed [0x8f0f70]
2: constructed [0x8f23a8]
3: constructed [0x8f23a8]
4:

new实现

libcxx new的声明在 new文件，实现在new.cpp文件
对应上面3种实现

void *
operator new(std::size_t size) _THROW_BAD_ALLOC
{
    if (size == 0)
        size = 1;
    void* p;
    while ((p = ::malloc(size)) == 0)
    {
        // If malloc fails and there is a new_handler,
        // call it to try free up memory.
        std::new_handler nh = std::get_new_handler();
        if (nh)
            nh();
        else
#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
            throw std::bad_alloc();
#else
            break;
#endif
    }
    return p;
}
// 第2种构造方式，只是多加了一个异常处理
_LIBCPP_WEAK
void*
operator new(size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT
{
    void* p = 0;
#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
    try
    {
#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
        p = ::operator new(size);
#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
    }
    catch (...)
    {
    }
#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
    return p;
}

第3种直接返回__p

void* operator new  (std::size_t, void* __p) _NOEXCEPT {return __p;}