内核启动之启动内核——startup_32

        这段代码在arch/x86/boot/kernel/header_32.S中，它是在内核被解压缩到0x100000处之后跳转到这个地址开始执行的，前面的操作算是为这一步做铺垫吧，现在到了真正的内核，为了能够让自己把内核代码真的弄懂，不再采用前面那种比较比较笼统的方式了，而是按照内核源码分析的那种方式将这个代码复制下来，然后逐行的分析，这样就不至于再给自己偷懒的机会了，嗯，以后就这样做，争取能够把不懂的内容搞懂。 

        在这个时候，我们已经进入了保护模式（也就是寻址方式发生了改变），但是没有启用分页，所以得到的线性地址就是物理地址，之前的bootloader的内容已经对我们没有任何意义了，唯一剩余的就是它留下来一个关于一些参数结构体boot_params，这个结构体的地址保存在寄存器esi中，现在重新开始内核的执行。

代码如下：

.text

/* 省略头文件 */

/* Physical address */
#define pa(X) ((X) - __PAGE_OFFSET)      //逻辑地址转换成物理地址，因为这时候已经开启了保护模式，所以内核对应着高端的1G内存，并且和物理内存直接映射


/*
 * References to members of the new_cpu_data structure.
 */


#define X86 new_cpu_data+CPUINFO_x86
#define X86_VENDOR new_cpu_data+CPUINFO_x86_vendor
#define X86_MODEL new_cpu_data+CPUINFO_x86_model
#define X86_MASK new_cpu_data+CPUINFO_x86_mask
#define X86_HARD_MATH new_cpu_data+CPUINFO_hard_math
#define X86_CPUID new_cpu_data+CPUINFO_cpuid_level
#define X86_CAPABILITY new_cpu_data+CPUINFO_x86_capability
#define X86_VENDOR_ID new_cpu_data+CPUINFO_x86_vendor_id


/*
 * This is how much memory in addition to the memory covered up to
 * and including _end we need mapped initially.
 * We need:
 *     (KERNEL_IMAGE_SIZE/4096) / 1024 pages (worst case, non PAE)
 *     (KERNEL_IMAGE_SIZE/4096) / 512 + 4 pages (worst case for PAE)
 *
 * Modulo rounding, each megabyte assigned here requires a kilobyte of
 * memory, which is currently unreclaimed.
 *
 * This should be a multiple of a page.
 *
 * KERNEL_IMAGE_SIZE should be greater than pa(_end)
 * and small than max_low_pfn, otherwise will waste some page table entries
 */


#if PTRS_PER_PMD > 1
#define PAGE_TABLE_SIZE(pages) (((pages) / PTRS_PER_PMD) + PTRS_PER_PGD)
#else
#define PAGE_TABLE_SIZE(pages) ((pages) / PTRS_PER_PGD)    //pages页需要的页表项
#endif


/* Number of possible pages in the lowmem region */
LOWMEM_PAGES = (((1<<32) - __PAGE_OFFSET) >> PAGE_SHIFT)         //内核能够映射的物理内存的大小，低端内存

/* Enough space to fit pagetables for the low memory linear map */
MAPPING_BEYOND_END = PAGE_TABLE_SIZE(LOWMEM_PAGES) << PAGE_SHIFT     //低端内存所占用的页表项的大小


/*
 * Worst-case size of the kernel mapping we need to make:
 * a relocatable kernel can live anywhere in lowmem, so we need to be able
 * to map all of lowmem.
 */
KERNEL_PAGES = LOWMEM_PAGES                            //内核能够映射的内存大小


INIT_MAP_SIZE = PAGE_TABLE_SIZE(KERNEL_PAGES) * PAGE_SIZE           //同MAPPING_BEYOND_END
RESERVE_BRK(pagetables, INIT_MAP_SIZE)


/*
 * 32-bit kernel entrypoint; only used by the boot CPU.  On entry,
 * %esi points to the real-mode code as a 32-bit pointer.
 * CS and DS must be 4 GB flat segments, but we don't depend on
 * any particular GDT layout, because we load our own as soon as we
 * can.
 */
__HEAD
ENTRY(startup_32)                    //0x100000，从这里开始执行内核的代码
movl pa(stack_start),%ecx            //这里设置堆栈

/* test KEEP_SEGMENTS flag to see if the bootloader is asking
us to not reload segments */
testb $(1<<6), BP_loadflags(%esi)          //判断是否需要重新设置各个段寄存器
jnz 2f


/*
 * Set segments to known values.
 */
lgdt pa(boot_gdt_descr)                     //设置临时的全局页描述符表，后面还需要进一步初始化
movl $(__BOOT_DS),%eax                      //初始化各个段寄存器
movl %eax,%ds
movl %eax,%es
movl %eax,%fs
movl %eax,%gs
movl %eax,%ss
2:
leal -__PAGE_OFFSET(%ecx),%esp             //设置堆栈的栈顶指针，这个堆栈就是init_task的堆栈，这里相当于手工初始化了一个进程

/*
 * Clear BSS first so that there are no surprises...
 */                                                 //初始化bss段，清0
cld
xorl %eax,%eax
movl $pa(__bss_start),%edi                          //bss段的起始位置
movl $pa(__bss_stop),%ecx                           
subl %edi,%ecx                                      //计算bss段的大小
shrl $2,%ecx                                        //以4字节为单位对bss段进行清0
rep ; stosl
/*
 * Copy bootup parameters out of the way.
 * Note: %esi still has the pointer to the real-mode data.
 * With the kexec as boot loader, parameter segment might be loaded beyond
 * kernel image and might not even be addressable by early boot page tables.
 * (kexec on panic case). Hence copy out the parameters before initializing
 * page tables.
 */
movl $pa(boot_params),%edi            //拷贝boot_params的内容
movl $(PARAM_SIZE/4),%ecx
cld
rep
movsl
movl pa(boot_params) + NEW_CL_POINTER,%esi         //这里保存的是boot_params.hdr.cmd_line_ptr
andl %esi,%esi
jz 1f # No command line
movl $pa(boot_command_line),%edi
movl