一、grep的正则表达式元字符
grep的正则表达式元字符基本集包含^、$、*、[]、[^]、\>和\<。
^
行首定位符,用于指定匹配字符串的头部。
例:
jay@ubuntu:~$ grep ^root /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
$
行尾定位符,用于指定匹配字符串的尾部。
例:
jay@ubuntu:~$ grep h$ /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/bin/sh
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/bin/sh
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/bin/sh
list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/bin/sh
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/bin/sh
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/bin/sh
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/bin/sh
libuuid:x:100:101::/var/lib/libuuid:/bin/sh
jay:x:1000:1000:Ubuntu,,,:/home/jay:/bin/bash
*
匹配0个或多个前导符号。
例:取所有一“m”开头且以“h”结尾的行。
jay@ubuntu:~$ grep '\<m.*h\>' /etc/passwd
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh
[]
表示匹配指定范围内的一个字符。
例:显示包含一个“m”或“9”字符的行
jay@ubuntu:~$ grep [m9] /etc/passwd
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/bin/sh
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/bin/sh
syslog:x:101:103::/home/syslog:/bin/false
messagebus:x:102:104::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
jay:x:1000:1000:Ubuntu,,,:/home/jay:/bin/bash
[^]
匹配不在指定范围内的字符
例:显示不包含字母a-u,且后面紧跟着“a”的单词。
jay@ubuntu:~$ grep [^a-u]a /etc/passwd
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/bin/sh
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/bin/sh
list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/bin/sh
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/bin/sh
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/bin/sh
libuuid:x:100:101::/var/lib/libuuid:/bin/sh
messagebus:x:102:104::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
sshd:x:103:65534::/var/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin
\<
表示词首定位符
例:'\<grep'匹配包含以grep开头的单词的行
\>
表示词尾定位符
例:'grep\>'匹配包含以grep结尾的单词的行