课堂笔记-多元函数微分

多元函数微分

1.基本概念

一，多元函数的定义

二，多元函数的极限与连续

$$1.\underset{P\to P_0}{\lim }f(P)=A\iff \forall \epsilon >0,when:0<\left|P-P_0\right|<\delta ,st:|f(P)-A|<\epsilon$$

$$注意P\to P_0方式是任意的，如果任意性不满足，则极限不存在$$

$$连续\underset{P\to P_0}{\lim }f(P)=f\left(P_0\right)注意：闭区域上连续函数有与闭区间上连续函数类似的性质.$$

三，偏导数的定义

一个多变量的函数的偏导数，就是它关于其中一个变量的导数而保持其他变量恒定
$$f(x,y)在点(x_0,y_0)处对x的偏导数:\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f\left(x_0+\Delta x,y_0\right)-f\left(x_0,y_0\right)}{\Delta x}（极限存在时）$$

$$偏导数存在\nLeftrightarrow 连续或极限存在$$

四，全微分

$$\Delta z=A\Delta x+B\Delta y+o(\rho )⟹dz=\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}dx+\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}dy$$

$$函数连续\nLeftrightarrow 偏导存在.$$

$$函数可微\Rightarrow 偏导存在(一阶,二阶).偏导存在\nRightarrow 函数可微$$

$$函数可微\Rightarrow 函数连续.函数连续\nRightarrow 函数可微.$$

$$1.如果\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}，\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}连续\Rightarrow 可微.$$

$$2.若f_{xy}与f_{yx}在(x_0,y_0)的某邻域内连续\Rightarrow f_{xy}=f_{yx}.$$

五，习题

$$1.f(x,y)=\{\begin{array}{ll}xy\frac{x^2-y^2}{x^2+y^2},& x^2+y^2̸=0\\ 0,& x^2+y^2=0\end{array},proof:f_{xy}(0,0)̸=f_{yx}(0,0)$$

$$x=0,\frac{\partial f(0,y)}{\partial x}=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(\Delta x,y)-f(0,y)}{\Delta x}=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\Delta xy\frac{(\Delta x{)}^2-y^2}{(\Delta x{)}^2+y^2}-0}{\Delta x}=-y$$

$$f_{xy}(0,0)=\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\right)=\frac{{\partial }^{2}f(0,0)}{\partial x\partial y}=\underset{y\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f_x(0,\Delta y)-f_x(0,0)}{\Delta y}=-1$$

$$y=0,f_y(x,0)=\frac{\partial f(x,0)}{\partial y}=\underset{\Delta y\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x,\Delta y)-f(x,0)}{\Delta y}=\underset{\Delta y\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{x\Delta y\left(x^2-(\Delta y{)}^2\right)}{x^2+(\Delta y{)}^2}-0}{\Delta y}=x$$

$$f_{yx}(0,0)=\frac{{\partial }^{2}f(0,0)}{\partial y\partial x}=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f_y(\Delta x,0)-f_y(0,0)}{\Delta x}=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\Delta x-0}{\Delta x}=1$$

$$2.prooff(x,y)=\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{x^{2}y}{x^4+y^2},& x^4+y^2̸=0\\ 0,& x^4+y^2=0\end{array}在(0,0)的极限不存在.$$
$$设y=k{x}^2,\underset{(x,y)\to (0,0)}{\lim }f(x,y)=\underset{(x,y)\to (0,0)}{\lim }\frac{k{x}^4}{x^4+k^2{x}^4}=\frac{k}{1+k^2}$$

$$3.prooff(x,y)=\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{x^2{y}^{1+\alpha }}{x^4+y^2},& (x,y)̸=(0,0)\\ 0,& (x,y)=(0,0)\end{array}在(0,0)处连续，其中\alpha >0$$
$$|f(x,y)-f(0,0)|=\frac{x^2|y{|}^{1+\alpha }}{x^4+y^2}\le \frac{x^2|y{|}^{1+\alpha }}{2x^2|y|}=|y{|}^{\alpha }\to 0tip:2x^2|y|\le x^4+y^2$$

$$4.求u=x{y}^2{z}^3沿着曲线x=t,y=2t^2,z=-2t^4在点M(1,2,-2)处切线方向的方向导数.$$

$$tip:梯度\mathrm{grad}u=\left\{\frac{\partial u}{\partial x},\frac{\partial u}{\partial v},\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}\right\}$$

$${\frac{\partial u}{\partial \vec{l}}|}_{P_0}={\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}|}_{p_0}\cos \alpha +{\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}|}_{p_0}\cos \beta +{\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}|}_{p_0}\cos \gamma$$