多项式快速插值

前言

给定一堆点$(x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2)\cdot \cdot \cdot (x_n,y_n)$，求一个$n-1$次多项式$A(x)$满足$A(x_i)=y_i$

做法

先考虑拉格朗日插值
对于每个$i$求出一个$n-1$次多项式$G_i(x)$满足$G_i(x_i)=y_i$，并且$G_i(x_j)=0(j̸=i)$
这样一来$$L(x)=\sum _{i=1}^n{G}_i(x)$$
即
$$L(x)=\sum _{i=0}^n\left(y_i\prod _{j=1,i̸=j}^n\frac{x-x_j}{x_i-x_j}\right)$$
也可以换个形式（好像是重心法？？）
$$L(x)=\left(\prod _{j=1}^n(x-x_j)\right)\left(\sum _{i=0}^n\frac{y_i}{(x-x_i){\prod }_{j=1,i̸=j}^n(x_i-x_j)}\right)$$
本题中，我们将$$L(x)=\sum _{i=0}^n\left(y_i\prod _{j=1,i̸=j}^n\frac{x-x_j}{x_i-x_j}\right)$$
转化成$$L(x)=\sum _{i=0}^n\left(\frac{y_i}{{\prod }_{j=1,i̸=j}^n(x_i-x_j)}\prod _{j=1,i̸=j}^n(x-x_j)\right)$$
先求$$\frac{y_i}{{\prod }_{j=1,i̸=j}^n(x_i-x_j)}$$，我们发现分子是一个常数，所以转化成求所有$$\prod _{j=1,i̸=j}^n(x_i-x_j)$$
我们设$R(x)={\prod }_{j=1}^n(x-x_j)$
我们发现$$\prod _{j=1,i̸=j}^n(x_i-x_j)=\underset{x\to x_i}{\lim }\frac{R(x)}{x-x_i}$$
我们发现$$\underset{x\to x_i}{\lim }R(x)=0$$并且$$\underset{x\to x_i}{\lim }x-x_i=0$$
根据洛必达法则
我们对分子分母分别求导，得到
$$\prod _{j=1,i̸=j}^n(x_i-x_j)=\underset{x\to x_i}{\lim }\frac{R(x)}{x-x_i}=\underset{x\to x_i}{\lim }\frac{R^{\prime }(x)}{(x-x_i{)}^{\prime }}=\underset{x\to x_i}{\lim }(R^{\prime }(x))=R^{\prime }(x_i)$$
所以我们只要求出$R(x)$并对其求导，然后进行多项式多点求值即可完成
然后求出值后用每个$y_i$除，即可
设$$v_i=\frac{y_i}{{\prod }_{j=1,i̸=j}^n(x_i-x_j)}$$
我们要求的变成
$$L(x)=\sum _{i=0}^n\left(v_i\prod _{j=1,i̸=j}^n(x-x_j)\right)$$
用分治套$NTT$即可计算
总复杂度$\mathcal{O}(nlo{g}^{2}n)$

代码

#include<cstdio>
#include<cctype>
#include<cstring>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<vector>
namespace fast_IO
{
    const int IN_LEN=10000000,OUT_LEN=10000000;
    char ibuf[IN_LEN],obuf[OUT_LEN],*ih=ibuf+IN_LEN,*oh=obuf,*lastin=ibuf+IN_LEN,*lastout=obuf+OUT_LEN-1;
    inline char getchar_(){return (ih==lastin)&&(lastin=(ih=ibuf)+fread(ibuf,1,IN_LEN,stdin),ih==lastin)?EOF:*ih++;}
    inline void putchar_(const char x){if(oh==lastout)fwrite(obuf,1,oh-obuf,stdout),oh=obuf;*oh++=x;}
    inline void flush(){fwrite(obuf,1,oh-obuf,stdout);}
}
using namespace fast_IO;
#define getchar() getchar_()
#define putchar(x) putchar_((x))
typedef long long ll;
#define rg register
template <typename T> inline T max(const T a,const T b){return a>b?a:b;}
template <typename T> inline T min(const T a,const T b){return a<b?a:b;}
template <typename T> inline T mind(T&a,const T b){a=a<b?a:b;}
template <typename T> inline T maxd(T&a,const T b){a=a>b?a:b;}
template <typename T> inline T abs(const T a){return a>0?a:-a;}
template <typename T> inline void swap(T&a,T&b){T c=a;a=b;b=c;}
template <typename T> inline void swap(T*a,T*b){T c=a;a=b;b=c;}
template <typename T> inline T gcd(const T a,const T b){if(!b)return a;return gcd(b,a%b);}
template <typename T> inline T square(const T x){return x*x;};
template <typename T> inline void read(T&x)
{
    char cu=getchar();x=0;bool fla=0;
    while(!isdigit(cu)){if(cu=='-')fla=1;cu=getchar();}
    while(isdigit(cu))x=x*10+cu-'0',cu=getchar();
    if(fla)x=-x;  
}
template <typename T> void printe(const T x)
{
    if(x>=10)printe(x/10);
    putchar(x%10+'0');
}
template <typename T> inline void print(const T x)
{
    if(x<0)putchar('-'),printe(-x);
    else printe(x);
}
const int maxn=2097152,mod=998244353;
inline int Md(const int x){return x>=mod?x-mod:x;}
template<typename T>
inline int pow(int x,T y)
{
    rg int res=1;x%=mod;
    for(;y;y>>=1,x=(ll)x*x%mod)if(y&1)res=(ll)res*x%mod;
    return res;
}
namespace Poly///namespace of Poly
{
int W_[maxn],ha[maxn],hb[maxn],Inv[maxn];
inline void init(const int x)
{
    rg int tim=0,lenth=1;
    while(lenth<x)lenth<<=1,tim++;
    for(rg int i=1;i<lenth;i<<=1)
    {
    	const int WW=pow(3,(mod-1)/(i*2));
    	W_[i]=1;
    	for(rg int j=i+1,k=i<<1;j<k;j++)W_[j]=(ll)W_[j-1]*WW%mod;
    }
    Inv[0]=Inv[1]=1;
    for(rg int i=2;i<x;i++)Inv[i]=(ll)(mod-mod/i)*Inv[mod%i]%mod;
}
int L;
inline void DFT(int*A)//prepare:init L 
{
    for(rg int i=0,j=0;i<L;i++)
    {
        if(i>j)swap(A[i],A[j]);
        for(rg int k=L>>1;(j^=k)<k;k>>=1);
    }
    for(rg int i=1;i<L;i<<=1)
        for(rg int j=0,J=i<<1;j<L;j+=J)
            for(rg int k=0;k<i;k++)
            {
                const int x=A[j+k],y=(ll)A[j+k+i]*W_[i+k]%mod;
                A[j+k]=Md(x+y),A[j+k+i]=Md(mod+x-y);
            }
}
void IDFT(int*A)
{
    for(rg int i=1;i<L-i;i++)swap(A[i],A[L-i]);
    DFT(A);
}
inline int Quadratic_residue(const int a)
{
    if(a==0)return 0;
    int b=(rand()<<14^rand())%mod;
    while(pow(b,(mod-1)>>1)!=mod-1)b=(rand()<<14^rand())%mod;
    int s=mod-1,t=0,x,inv=pow(a,mod-2),f=1;
    while(!(s&1))s>>=1,t++,f<<=1;
    t--,x=pow(a,(s+1)>>1),f>>=1;
    while(t)
    {
        f>>=1;
        if(pow((int)((ll)inv*x%mod*x%mod),f)!=1)x=(ll)x*pow(b,s)%mod;
        t--,s<<=1;
    }
    return min(x,mod-x);
}
struct poly
{
    std::vector<int>A;
    poly(){A.resize(0);}
    poly(const int x){A.resize(1),A[0]=x;}
    inline int&operator[](const int x){return A[x];}
    inline int operator[](const int x)const{return A[x];}
    inline void clear(){A.clear();}
    inline unsigned int size()const{return A.size();}
    inline void resize(const unsigned int x){A.resize(x);}
    void RE(const int x)
    {
        A.resize(x);
        for(rg int i=0;i<x;i++)A[i]=0; 
    }
    void readin(const int MAX)
    {
        A.resize(MAX);
        for(rg int i=0;i<MAX;i++)read(A[i]);
    }
    void putout()const
    {
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<A.size();i++)print(A[i]),putchar(' ');
    }
    inline poly operator +(const poly b)const
    {
        poly RES;
        RES.resize(max(size(),b.size()));
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<RES.size();i++)RES[i]=Md((i<size()?A[i]:0)+(i<b.size()?b[i]:0));
        return RES;
    }
    inline poly operator -(const poly b)const
    {
        poly RES;
        RES.resize(max(size(),b.size()));
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<RES.size();i++)RES[i]=Md((i<size()?A[i]:0)+mod-(i<b.size()?b[i]:0));
        return RES;
    }
    inline poly operator *(const int b)const
    {
        poly RES=*this;
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<RES.size();i++)RES[i]=(ll)RES[i]*b%mod;
        return RES;
    }
    inline poly operator /(const int b)const
    {
        poly RES=(*this)*pow(b,mod-2);
    	return RES;
    }
    inline poly operator *(const poly b)const
    {
        const int RES=A.size()+b.size()-1;
        L=1;while(L<RES)L<<=1;
        poly c;c.A.resize(RES);
        memset(ha,0,L<<2);
        memset(hb,0,L<<2);
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<A.size();i++)ha[i]=A[i];
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<b.A.size();i++)hb[i]=b.A[i];
        DFT(ha),DFT(hb);
        for(rg int i=0;i<L;i++)ha[i]=(ll)ha[i]*hb[i]%mod;
        IDFT(ha);
        const int inv=pow(L,mod-2);
        for(rg int i=0;i<RES;i++)c.A[i]=(ll)ha[i]*inv%mod;
        return c;
    }
    inline poly inv()const
    {
        poly C;
        if(A.size()==1){C=*this;C[0]=pow(C[0],mod-2);return C;}
        C.resize((A.size()+1)>>1);
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<C.size();i++)C[i]=A[i];
        C=C.inv();
        L=1;while(L<(int)size()*2-1)L<<=1;
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<A.size();i++)ha[i]=A[i];
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<C.size();i++)hb[i]=C[i];
        memset(ha+A.size(),0,(L-A.size())<<2);
        memset(hb+C.size(),0,(L-C.size())<<2);
        DFT(ha),DFT(hb);
        for(rg int i=0;i<L;i++)ha[i]=(ll)(2-(ll)hb[i]*ha[i]%mod+mod)*hb[i]%mod;
        IDFT(ha);
        const int inv=pow(L,mod-2);
        C.resize(size());
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<size();i++)C[i]=(ll)ha[i]*inv%mod;
        return C;
    }
/*    inline poly inv()const
    {
        poly C;
        if(A.size()==1){C=*this;C[0]=pow(C[0],mod-2);return C;}
        C.resize((A.size()+1)>>1);
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<C.size();i++)C[i]=A[i];
        C=C.inv();
        poly D=(poly)2-*this*C;
        D.resize(size());
        D=D*C;
        D.resize(size());
        return D;
    }*///大常数版本 
    inline void Reverse(const int n)
    {
    	A.resize(n);
    	for(rg int i=0,j=n-1;i<j;i++,j--)swap(A[i],A[j]);
    }
    inline poly operator /(const poly B)const
    {
    	if(size()<B.size())return 0;
        poly a=*this,b=B;a.Reverse(size()),b.Reverse(B.size());
        b.resize(size()-B.size()+1);
        b=b.inv();
        b=b*a;
        b.Reverse(size()-B.size()+1);
        return b;
    }
    inline poly operator %(const poly B)const
    {
        poly C=(*this)-(*this)/B*B;C.resize(B.size()-1);
        return C;
    }
    inline poly diff()const
    {
        poly C;C.resize(size()-1);
        for(rg unsigned int i=1;i<size();i++)C[i-1]=(ll)A[i]*i%mod;
        return C;
    }
    inline poly inte()const
    {
        poly C;C.resize(size()+1);
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<size();i++)C[i+1]=(ll)A[i]*Inv[i+1]%mod;
        C[0]=0;
        return C;
    }
    inline poly ln()const
    {
        poly C=(diff()*inv()).inte();C.resize(size());
        return C;
    }
    inline poly exp()const
    {
        poly C;
        if(size()==1){C=*this;C[0]=1;return C;}
        C.resize((size()+1)>>1);
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<C.size();i++)C[i]=A[i];
        C=C.exp();C.resize(size());
        poly D=(poly)1-C.ln()+*this;
        D=D*C;
        D.resize(size());
        return D;
    }
    inline poly sqrt()const
    {
        poly C;
        if(size()==1)
        {
            C=*this;C[0]=Quadratic_residue(C[0]);
            return C;
        }
        C.resize((size()+1)>>1);
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<C.size();i++)C[i]=A[i];
        C=C.sqrt();C.resize(size());
        C=(C+*this*C.inv())*(int)499122177;
        C.resize(size());
        return C;
    }
    inline poly operator >>(const unsigned int x)const
    {
    	poly C;if(size()<x){C.resize(0);return C;}
        C.resize(size()-x);
    	for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<C.size();i++)C[i]=A[i+x];
    	return C;
    }
    inline poly operator <<(const unsigned int x)const
    {
    	poly C;C.RE(size()+x);
    	for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<size();i++)C[i+x]=A[i];
    	return C;
    }
    inline poly Pow(const unsigned int x)const
    {
    	for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<size();i++)
            if(A[i])
            {
                poly C=((((*this/A[i])>>i).ln()*x).exp()*pow(A[i],x))<<(min(i*x,size()));
                C.resize(size());
                return C;
            }
    	return *this;
    }
    inline void cheng(const poly&B)
    {
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<size();i++)A[i]=(ll)A[i]*B[i]%mod; 
    }
    inline void jia(const poly&B)
    {
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<size();i++)A[i]=Md(A[i]+B[i]); 
    }
    inline void dft()
    {
        memset(ha,0,L<<2);
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<A.size();i++)ha[i]=A[i];
        DFT(ha);
        resize(L);
        for(rg int i=0;i<L;i++)A[i]=ha[i];
    }
    inline void idft()
    {
        memset(ha,0,L<<2);
        for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<A.size();i++)ha[i]=A[i];
        IDFT(ha);
        const int inv=pow(L,mod-2);
        for(rg int i=0;i<L;i++)A[i]=(ll)ha[i]*inv%mod;
        while(size()&&!A[size()-1])A.pop_back();
    }
};
void fz(const int root,const int l,const int r,std::vector<int>&v,std::vector<poly>&A)
{
    if(l==r)
    {
        A[root].resize(2);
        A[root][0]=(mod-v[l])%mod;
        A[root][1]=1;
        return;
    }
    const int mid=(l+r)>>1;
    fz(root<<1,l,mid,v,A),fz(root<<1|1,mid+1,r,v,A);
    A[root]=A[root<<1]*A[root<<1|1];
}
void calc(const int root,const int l,const int r,std::vector<int>&v,std::vector<poly>&A,std::vector<poly>&B)
{
    if(l==r)
    {
        v[l]=B[root][0];
        return;
    }
    const int mid=(l+r)>>1;
    B[root<<1]=B[root]%A[root<<1];
    B[root<<1|1]=B[root]%A[root<<1|1];
    calc(root<<1,l,mid,v,A,B),calc(root<<1|1,mid+1,r,v,A,B);
}
void multi_point_evaluation(const poly a,std::vector<int>&v)
{
    std::vector<poly>A,B;A.resize(maxn),B.resize(maxn);
    fz(1,0,v.size()-1,v,A);
    B[1]=a%A[1];
    calc(1,0,v.size()-1,v,A,B);
}
void fz2(const int root,const int l,const int r,std::vector<int>&y,std::vector<poly>&A,std::vector<poly>&B)
{
    if(l==r)
    {
        B[root].resize(1),B[root][0]=y[l];
        return;
    }
    const int mid=(l+r)>>1;
    fz2(root<<1,l,mid,y,A,B),fz2(root<<1|1,mid+1,r,y,A,B);
    B[root]=B[root<<1]*A[root<<1|1]+B[root<<1|1]*A[root<<1];
}
poly interpolation(std::vector<int>&x,std::vector<int>&y)
{
    std::vector<poly>A,B;A.resize(maxn),B.resize(maxn);
	fz(1,0,x.size()-1,x,A);
	multi_point_evaluation(A[1].diff(),x);
	for(rg unsigned int i=0;i<x.size();i++)y[i]=(ll)y[i]*pow(x[i],mod-2)%mod;
    fz2(1,0,x.size()-1,y,A,B);
    return B[1];
}
}///namespace of Poly
Poly::poly a;std::vector<int>x,y; 
int n;
int main()
{
    Poly::init(maxn);///namespace of Poly
    read(n),x.resize(n),y.resize(n);
    for(rg int i=0;i<n;i++)read(x[i]),read(y[i]);
    (Poly::interpolation(x,y)).putout();
    return flush(),0;
}

总结

这个算法虽然有点常数，但是能很好的解决一些问题