C#深入理解委托和事件的区别

C#深入理解委托和事件的区别

1、委托

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Publisher publisher = new Publisher("篮球先锋报");

            Observer observerA = new Observer("老A");
            publisher.Magazine += observerA.RecvMagazine;

            Observer observerB = new Observer("老B");
            publisher.Magazine += observerB.RecvMagazine;

            publisher.PublishMagezine();
            //或者使用下面的方式  区别就是一个在定义的内部触发，一个在外部触发
            publisher.Magazine?.Invoke(publisher.magazineName);
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }

    public class Observer
    {
        private string name;
        public Observer(string name)
        {
            this.name = name;
        }

        public void RecvMagazine(string message)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{this.name} recv {message}, 仔细读了一番");
        }
    }

    public class Publisher
    {
        public string magazineName;
        public Publisher(string magazineName)
        {
            this.magazineName = magazineName;
        }

        public  delegate void MagazineDelegate(string message);
        public MagazineDelegate Magazine;

        public void PublishMagezine()
        {
            Magazine?.Invoke(this.magazineName);
        }
    }

可以看出委托有一个特点，我们一般在一个类中声明一个委托对象（ public MagazineDelegate Magazine;），然后再这个类的外部订阅它（publisher.Magazine += observerA.RecvMagazine;）。但是我们在触发这个委托的时候，可以在内部中触发（就是用一个方法封装起来公开给外部调用）：

        public void PublishMagezine()
        {
            Magazine?.Invoke(this.magazineName);
        }

也可以在外部直接触发：

publisher.Magazine?.Invoke(publisher.magazineName);

2、事件

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Publisher publisher = new Publisher("篮球先锋报");

            Observer observerA = new Observer("老A");
            publisher.Magazine += observerA.RecvMagazine;

            Observer observerB = new Observer("老B");
            publisher.Magazine += observerB.RecvMagazine;

            publisher.PublishMagezine();
            //下面的方式会出现编译错误  只允许在定义的内部触发，不允许在外部触发
            publisher.Magazine?.Invoke(publisher.magazineName);
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }

    public class Observer
    {
        private string name;
        public Observer(string name)
        {
            this.name = name;
        }

        public void RecvMagazine(string message)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{this.name} recv {message}, 仔细读了一番");
        }
    }

    public class Publisher
    {
        public string magazineName;
        public Publisher(string magazineName)
        {
            this.magazineName = magazineName;
        }

        public  delegate void MagazineDelegate(string message);
        public event MagazineDelegate Magazine;

        public void PublishMagezine()
        {
            Magazine?.Invoke(this.magazineName);
        }
    }

我们将委托换为事件后发现，不能够直接在外部触发。

publisher.Magazine?.Invoke(publisher.magazineName);

这一句直接报错，编译不通过，即使该事件是public的。

3、标准的事件

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Publisher publisher = new Publisher("篮球先锋报");
    
            Observer observerA = new Observer("老A");
            publisher.Magazine += observerA.RecvMagazine;
    
            Observer observerB = new Observer("老B");
            publisher.Magazine += observerB.RecvMagazine;
    
            publisher.PublishMagezine();
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }
    
    public class Observer
    {
        private string name;
        public Observer(string name)
        {
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        public void RecvMagazine(object sender,Publisher.MagazineMessageEventArgs e)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{this.name} recv {e.messgae}, 仔细读了一番");
        }
    }
    
    public class Publisher
    {
        public class MagazineMessageEventArgs : EventArgs
        {
            public string messgae;
            public MagazineMessageEventArgs(string msg)
            {
                this.messgae = msg;
            }
        }
    
        public string magazineName;
        public Publisher(string magazineName)
        {
            this.magazineName = magazineName;
        }
    
        public event EventHandler<MagazineMessageEventArgs> Magazine;
    
        public void PublishMagezine()
        {
            Magazine?.Invoke(this,new MagazineMessageEventArgs(this.magazineName));
        }
    }

使用了系统自定义的事件及参数类型。其实，很多教程中写道public delegate void EventHandler(object sender, TEventArgs e);中的TEventArgs必须要继承自EventArgs，但是在Framework4.8中我并没有看到那个限定，

所以TEventArgs可以是任何类型，public delegate void EventHandler(object sender, TEventArgs e);就是系统自定义好的一个泛型委托。

我们可以直接将MagazineMessageEventArgs类型改为string类型更加简单。

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Publisher publisher = new Publisher("篮球先锋报");
    
            Observer observerA = new Observer("老A");
            publisher.Magazine += observerA.RecvMagazine;
    
            Observer observerB = new Observer("老B");
            publisher.Magazine += observerB.RecvMagazine;
    
            publisher.PublishMagezine();
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }
    
    public class Observer
    {
        private string name;
        public Observer(string name)
        {
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        public void RecvMagazine(object sender, string msg)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{this.name} recv {msg}, 仔细读了一番");
        }
    }
    
    public class Publisher
    {
        private string magazineName;
        public Publisher(string magazineName)
        {
            this.magazineName = magazineName;
        }
    
        public event EventHandler<string> Magazine;
    
        public void PublishMagezine()
        {
            Magazine?.Invoke(this,this.magazineName);
        }
    }

执行上述代码和之前的效果一样，其他自定义类应该也是可以的。

4、总结

什么时候使用委托？什么时候使用事件？

如果一个委托不需要再其定义的类之外被触发，那么就可以将其转化为事件，这样可以保证它不会在外部被随意触发。