PyQt5 第七章综合篇（一）

最新推荐文章于 2023-11-28 21:41:30 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-11-28 21:41:30 发布

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分类专栏： PyQt5 文章标签： PyQt5

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7.1 俄罗斯方块游戏

《零基础入门玩转 PyQt5》邀请码： LWskm3AS

游戏有7个基本形状：S、Z、T、L、反向L、直线、方块，每个形状都由4个方块组成，方块最终都会落到屏幕底部。所以玩家通过控制形状的左右位置和旋转，让每个形状都以合适的位置落下，如果有一行全部被方块填充，这行就会消失，并且得分，游戏结束的条件是有形状接触到了屏幕顶部

方块展示：

在这里插入图片描述

代码由四个类组成：Tetris, Board, Tetrominoe和Shape。Tetris类创建游戏，Board是游戏主要逻辑。Tetrominoe包含了所有的砖块，Shape是所有砖块的代码

可以用P键暂停游戏，空格键让方块直接落到最下面，游戏的速度是固定的，并没有实现加速的功能，分数就是游戏中消除的行数

代码展示

import random
import sys

from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QDesktopWidget, QApplication


class Tetris(QMainWindow):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.initUI()

    def initUI(self):
        '''initiates application UI'''

        self.tboard = Board(self)
        self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)

        self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
        self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)

        self.tboard.start()

        self.resize(240, 400)
        self.center()
        self.setWindowTitle('俄罗斯方块')
        self.show()

    def center(self):
        '''centers the window on the screen'''

        screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry()
        size = self.geometry()
        self.move(
            (screen.width() - size.width()) / 2,
            (screen.height() - size.height()) / 2
        )


class Board(QFrame):
    msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)

    BoardWidth = 10
    BoardHeight = 22
    Speed = 300

    def __init__(self, parent):
        super().__init__(parent)

        self.initBoard()

    def initBoard(self):
        '''initiates board'''

        self.timer = QBasicTimer()
        self.isWaitingAfterLine = False

        self.curX = 0
        self.curY = 0
        self.numLinesRemoved = 0
        self.board = []

        self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.StrongFocus)
        self.isStarted = False
        self.isPaused = False
        self.clearBoard()

    def shapeAt(self, x, y):
        '''determines shape at the board position'''

        return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]

    def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape):
        '''sets a shape at the board'''

        self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape

    def squareWidth(self):
        '''returns the width of one square'''

        return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth

    def squareHeight(self):
        '''returns the height of one square'''

        return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight

    def start(self):
        '''starts game'''

        if self.isPaused:
            return

        self.isStarted = True
        self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
        self.numLinesRemoved = 0
        self.clearBoard()

        self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

        self.newPiece()
        self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)

    def pause(self):
        '''pauses game'''

        if not self.isStarted:
            return

        self.isPaused = not self.isPaused

        if self.isPaused:
            self.timer.stop()
            self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")

        else:
            self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
            self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

        self.update()

    def paintEvent(self, event):
        '''paints all shapes of the game'''

        painter = QPainter(self)
        rect = self.contentsRect()

        boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight()

        for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
            for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
                shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)

                if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
                    self.drawSquare(
                        painter,
                        rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
                        boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(),
                        shape
                    )

        if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:

            for i in range(4):
                x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
                y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
                self.drawSquare(
                    painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
                    boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
                    self.curPiece.shape()
                )

    def keyPressEvent(self, event):
        '''processes key press events'''

        if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
            super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
            return

        key = event.key()

        if key == Qt.Key_P:
            self.pause()
            return

        if self.isPaused:
            return

        elif key == Qt.Key_Left:
            self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY)

        elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
            self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)

        elif key == Qt.Key_Down:
            self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY)

        elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
            self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)

        elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
            self.dropDown()

        elif key == Qt.Key_D:
            self.oneLineDown()

        else:
            super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)

    def timerEvent(self, event):
        '''handles timer event'''

        if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():

            if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
                self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
                self.newPiece()
            else:
                self.oneLineDown()

        else:
            super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)

    def clearBoard(self):
        '''clears shapes from the board'''

        for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
            self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)

    def dropDown(self):
        '''drops down a shape'''

        newY = self.curY

        while newY > 0:

            if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1):
                break

            newY -= 1

        self.pieceDropped()

    def oneLineDown(self):
        '''goes one line down with a shape'''

        if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1):
            self.pieceDropped()

    def pieceDropped(self):
        '''after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape'''

        for i in range(4):
            x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
            y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
            self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape())

        self.removeFullLines()

        if not self.isWaitingAfterLine:
            self.newPiece()

    def removeFullLines(self):
        '''removes all full lines from the board'''

        numFullLines = 0
        rowsToRemove = []

        for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):

            n = 0
            for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
                if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
                    n = n + 1

            if n == 10:
                rowsToRemove.append(i)

        rowsToRemove.reverse()

        for m in rowsToRemove:
            for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
                for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
                    self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))

        numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)

        if numFullLines > 0:
            self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines
            self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

            self.isWaitingAfterLine = True
            self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
            self.update()

    def newPiece(self):
        '''creates a new shape'''

        self.curPiece = Shape()
        self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
        self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
        self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()

        if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
            self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
            self.timer.stop()
            self.isStarted = False
            self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")

    def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
        '''tries to move a shape'''

        for i in range(4):

            x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
            y = newY - newPiece.y(i)

            if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
                return False

            if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
                return False

        self.curPiece = newPiece
        self.curX = newX
        self.curY = newY
        self.update()

        return True

    def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):
        '''draws a square of a shape'''

        colorTable = [
            0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC,
            0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00
        ]

        color = QColor(colorTable[shape])
        painter.fillRect(
            x + 1, y + 1,
            self.squareWidth() - 2,
            self.squareHeight() - 2,
            color
        )

        painter.setPen(color.lighter())
        painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y)
        painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y)

        painter.setPen(color.darker())
        painter.drawLine(
            x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1,
            x + self.squareWidth() - 1,
            y + self.squareHeight() - 1
        )
        painter.drawLine(
            x + self.squareWidth() - 1,
            y + self.squareHeight() - 1,
            x + self.squareWidth() - 1,
            y + 1
        )


class Tetrominoe(object):
    NoShape = 0
    ZShape = 1
    SShape = 2
    LineShape = 3
    TShape = 4
    SquareShape = 5
    LShape = 6
    MirroredLShape = 7


class Shape(object):
    coordsTable = (
        ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
        ((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
        ((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)),
        ((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)),
        ((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)),
        ((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)),
        ((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)),
        ((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1))
    )

    def __init__(self):

        self.coords = [[0, 0] for i in range(4)]
        self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape

        self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)

    def shape(self):
        '''returns shape'''

        return self.pieceShape

    def setShape(self, shape):
        '''sets a shape'''

        table = Shape.coordsTable[shape]

        for i in range(4):
            for j in range(2):
                self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]

        self.pieceShape = shape

    def setRandomShape(self):
        '''chooses a random shape'''

        self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7))

    def x(self, index):
        '''returns x coordinate'''

        return self.coords[index][0]

    def y(self, index):
        '''returns y coordinate'''

        return self.coords[index][1]

    def setX(self, index, x):
        '''sets x coordinate'''

        self.coords[index][0] = x

    def setY(self, index, y):
        '''sets y coordinate'''

        self.coords[index][1] = y

    def minX(self):
        '''returns min x value'''

        m = self.coords[0][0]
        for i in range(4):
            m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])

        return m

    def maxX(self):
        '''returns max x value'''

        m = self.coords[0][0]
        for i in range(4):
            m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])

        return m

    def minY(self):
        '''returns min y value'''

        m = self.coords[0][1]
        for i in range(4):
            m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])

        return m

    def maxY(self):
        '''returns max y value'''

        m = self.coords[0][1]
        for i in range(4):
            m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])

        return m

    def rotateLeft(self):
        '''rotates shape to the left'''

        if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
            return self

        result = Shape()
        result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape

        for i in range(4):
            result.setX(i, self.y(i))
            result.setY(i, -self.x(i))

        return result

    def rotateRight(self):
        '''rotates shape to the right'''

        if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
            return self

        result = Shape()
        result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape

        for i in range(4):
            result.setX(i, -self.y(i))
            result.setY(i, self.x(i))

        return result


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    tetris = Tetris()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

程序展示：

在这里插入图片描述

创建了一个Board类的实例，并设置为应用的中心组件

self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)

创建状态栏，显示游戏暂停状态或者游戏结束状态。msg2Statusbar是一个自定义的信号，用于Board类交互

self.statusbar = self.statusBar()        
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)

初始化游戏

self.tboard.start()

创建了一个自定义信号msg2Statusbar，当我们想往statusbar里显示信息的时候，发出这个信号就行了

class Board(QFrame):
    
    msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
...

这些是Board类的变量。BoardWidth和BoardHeight分别是board的宽度和高度。Speed是游戏的速度，每300ms出现一个新的方块

BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300

在initBoard()里初始化了一些重要的变量，self.board定义了方块的形状和位置，取值范围是0-7

...
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
...

shapeAt()决定了board里方块的的种类

def shapeAt(self, x, y):
    return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]

board的大小可以动态的改变，所以方格的大小也应随之变化，squareWidth()计算并返回每个块应该占多少像素，即Board.BoardWidth

def squareWidth(self):
    return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth

pause()方法用来暂停游戏，停止计时并在statusbar上显示一条信息

def pause(self):
    '''pauses game'''

    if not self.isStarted:
        return

    self.isPaused = not self.isPaused

    if self.isPaused:
        self.timer.stop()
        self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")

    else:
        self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
        self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

    self.update()

渲染是在paintEvent()方法里发生的QPainter负责PyQt5里所有低级绘画操作

def paintEvent(self, event):
    '''paints all shapes of the game'''

    painter = QPainter(self)
    rect = self.contentsRect()
...

渲染游戏分为两步：第一步是先画出所有已经落在最下面的的图，这些保存在self.board里。可以使用shapeAt()查看这个这个变量

for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
    for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
        shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
        
        if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
            self.drawSquare(painter,
                rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
                boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)

第二步是画出更在下落的方块

if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
    
    for i in range(4):
        
        x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
        y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
        self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
            boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
            self.curPiece.shape())

keyPressEvent()方法检测用户按下的按键，如果按下的是右方向键，就把方块向右移动

elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
    self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)

上方向键是把方块向左旋转一下

elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
    self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)

空格键会直接把方块放到底部

elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
    self.dropDown()

D键是加速一次下落速度

elif key == Qt.Key_D:
    self.oneLineDown()

tryMove()是尝试移动方块的方法。如果方块已经到达board的边缘或者遇到了其他方块，就返回False

def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
    
    for i in range(4):
        
        x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
        y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
        
        if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
            return False
            
        if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
            return False

    self.curPiece = newPiece
    self.curX = newX
    self.curY = newY
    self.update()
    return True

在计时器事件里，要么是等一个方块下落完之后创建一个新的方块，要么是让一个方块直接落到底

def timerEvent(self, event):
    
    if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
        
        if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
            self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
            self.newPiece()
        else:
            self.oneLineDown()
            
    else:
        super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)

clearBoard()方法通过Tetrominoe.NoShape清空broad

def clearBoard(self):
    
    for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
        self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)

如果方块碰到了底部，就调用removeFullLines()方法，找到能消除的行进行消除操作。消除动作就是把符合条件的行进行消除之后，再把它上面的行下降一行

def removeFullLines(self):
    
    numFullLines = 0
    rowsToRemove = []

    for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
        
        n = 0
        for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
            if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
                n = n + 1

        if n == 10:
            rowsToRemove.append(i)

    rowsToRemove.reverse()
    

    for m in rowsToRemove:
        
        for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
            for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
                    self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))

    numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
 ...

newPiece()方法是用来创建形状随机的方块，如果随机的方块不能正确的出现在预设的位置，游戏结束

def newPiece(self):
    
    self.curPiece = Shape()
    self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
    self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
    self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
    
    if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
        
        self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
        self.timer.stop()
        self.isStarted = False
        self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")

Tetrominoe类保存了所有方块的形状

class Tetrominoe(object):
    
    NoShape = 0
    ZShape = 1
    SShape = 2
    LineShape = 3
    TShape = 4
    SquareShape = 5
    LShape = 6
    MirroredLShape = 7

Shape类保存类方块内部的信息，coordsTable元组保存了所有的方块形状的组成。是一个构成方块的坐标模版

class Shape(object):
    
    coordsTable = (
        ((0, 0),     (0, 0),     (0, 0),     (0, 0)),
        ((0, -1),    (0, 0),     (-1, 0),    (-1, 1)),
        ...
    )
...

创建新的空坐标数组，这个数组将用来保存方块的坐标

坐标系示意图：

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-NqhaiGpb-1611810372602)(C:%5CUsers%5C%E6%BA%90%5CDesktop%5CPyQt5%5CPyQt5.assets%5CQQ%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE20210124204356.jpg)]

上面的图片可以帮助我们更好的理解坐标值的意义。比如元组(0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, -1)代表了一个Z形状的方块

self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]

rotateLeft()方法向右旋转一个方块，正方形方块不用旋转就直接返回了。其他的就返回一个新的坐标

def rotateLeft(self):
    
    if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
        return self

    result = Shape()
    result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
    
    for i in range(4):
        
        result.setX(i, self.y(i))
        result.setY(i, -self.x(i))

    return result

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PyQt5 第七章综合篇（一）

7.1 俄罗斯方块游戏游戏有7个基本形状：S、Z、T、L、反向L、直线、方块，每个形状都由4个方块组成，方块最终都会落到屏幕底部。所以玩家通过控制形状的左右位置和旋转，让每个形状都以合适的位置落下，如果有一行全部被方块填充，这行就会消失，并且得分，游戏结束的条件是有形状接触到了屏幕顶部方块展示：代码由四个类组成：Tetris, Board, Tetrominoe和Shape。Tetris类创建游戏，Board是游戏主要逻辑。Tetrominoe包含了所有的砖块，Shape是所有砖块的代码可以用P键
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