python3 SVM训练load Iris.data数据集，以及出现报错key words: b'Iris-setosa'解决办法

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sklearn import svm
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
from matplotlib import colors
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
def iris_type(s):
    it = {'Iris-setosa': 0, 'Iris-versicolor': 1, 'Iris-virginica': 2}
    return it[s]
def show_accuracy(y_hat, y_test, param):
    pass

path = 'F:\\Test\\iris.data' # 数据文件路径
data = np.loadtxt(path, dtype=float, delimiter=',', converters={4: iris_type})

x, y = np.split(data, (4,), axis=1)
x = x[:, :2]
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, random_state=1, train_size=0.6)

# clf = svm.SVC(C=0.1, kernel='linear', decision_function_shape='ovr')
clf = svm.SVC(C=0.8, kernel='rbf', gamma=20, decision_function_shape='ovr')
clf.fit(x_train, y_train.ravel())

print clf.score(x_train, y_train)  # 精度
y_hat = clf.predict(x_train)
show_accuracy(y_hat, y_train, '训练集')
print clf.score(x_test, y_test)
y_hat = clf.predict(x_test)
show_accuracy(y_hat, y_test, '测试集')

print 'decision_function:\n', clf.decision_function(x_train)
print '\npredict:\n', clf.predict(x_train)

x1_min, x1_max = x[:, 0].min(), x[:, 0].max()  # 第0列的范围
x2_min, x2_max = x[:, 1].min(), x[:, 1].max()  # 第1列的范围
x1, x2 = np.mgrid[x1_min:x1_max:200j, x2_min:x2_max:200j]  # 生成网格采样点
grid_test = np.stack((x1.flat, x2.flat), axis=1)  # 测试点


mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'SimHei']
mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False

cm_light = mpl.colors.ListedColormap(['#A0FFA0', '#FFA0A0', '#A0A0FF'])
cm_dark = mpl.colors.ListedColormap(['g', 'r', 'b'])

# print 'grid_test = \n', grid_test
grid_hat = clf.predict(grid_test)       # 预测分类值
grid_hat = grid_hat.reshape(x1.shape)  # 使之与输入的形状相同

alpha = 0.5
plt.pcolormesh(x1, x2, grid_hat, cmap=cm_light)     # 预测值的显示
# plt.scatter(x[:, 0], x[:, 1], c=y, edgecolors='k', s=50, cmap=cm_dark)  # 样本
plt.plot(x[:, 0], x[:, 1], 'o', alpha=alpha, color='blue', markeredgecolor='k')
plt.scatter(x_test[:, 0], x_test[:, 1], s=120, facecolors='none', zorder=10)  # 圈中测试集样本
plt.xlabel(u'花萼长度', fontsize=13)
plt.ylabel(u'花萼宽度', fontsize=13)
plt.xlim(x1_min, x1_max)
plt.ylim(x2_min, x2_max)
plt.title(u'鸢尾花SVM二特征分类', fontsize=15)
# plt.grid()
plt.show()

通过搜索原因，发现有可能是在对文件读取是编译出现了问题，并且Keyword中提示b'Iris-setosa'，而我们的string转float函数中没有字母b，很奇怪。所以尝试将转换函数所有的string前加b。结果发现数据读取正常。
下边附上转换函数：

def iris_type(s):
    it = {b'Iris-setosa': 0, b'Iris-versicolor': 1, b'Iris-virginica': 2}
    return it[s]