C++程序设计谭浩强 第九章（关于类和对象的进一步讨论）习题答案（部分有改进）

9.1

构造函数的作用：用于新建对象的初始化工作。
 析构函数的作用：用于在撤销对象前，完成一些清理工作，比如：释放内存等。
 每当创建对象时，需要添加初始化代码时，则需要定义自己的构造函数；而对象撤销时，需要自己添加清理工作的代码时，则需要定义自己的析构函数。

9.2运行结果

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Date
{
public:
	Date(int, int, int);
	Date(int, int);
	Date(int);
	Date();
	void display();
private:
	int month;
	int day;
	int year;
};

Date::Date(int m, int d, int y) :month(m), day(d), year(y)
{ }

Date::Date(int m, int d) : month(m), day(d)
{
	year = 2005;
}

Date::Date(int m) : month(m)
{
	day = 1;
	year = 2005;
}

Date::Date()
{
	month = 1;
	day = 1;
	year = 2005;
}

void Date::display()
{
	cout << month << "/" << day << "/" << year << endl;
}

int main()
{
	Date d1(10, 13, 2005);
	Date d2(12, 30);
	Date d3(10);
	Date d4;
	d1.display();
	d2.display();
	d3.display();
	d4.display();
	return 0;
}

结果：

9.3上题程序的第五行改用默认参数，即Date(int = 1,int = 1,int = 2005);       修改程序

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Date
{
public:
	Date(int = 1, int = 1, int = 2005);
	void display();
private:
	int month;
	int day;
	int year;
};

Date::Date(int m, int d, int y) :month(m), day(d), year(y)
{ }

void Date::display()
{
	cout << month << "/" << day << "/" << year << endl;
}

int main()
{
	Date d1(10, 13, 2005);
	Date d2(12, 30);
	Date d3(10);
	Date d4;
	d1.display();
	d2.display();
	d3.display();
	d4.display();
	return 0;
}

9.4 建立一个对象数组，内放5个学生的数据（学号、成绩），用指针指向数组首元素，输出低1，3，5个学生的数据。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
public:
	Student(int n, float s) :num(n), score(s) {}
	void display();
private:
	int num;
	float score;
};

void Student::display()
{
	cout << num << "    " << score << endl;
}

int main()
{
	Student stud[5] = {
	 Student(101,78.5),
	 Student(102,85.5),
	 Student(103,98.5),
	 Student(104,100.0),
	 Student(105,95.5)   };
	Student* p = stud;
	for (int i = 0; i <= 2; p = p + 2, i++)
		p->display();
	return 0;
}

9.5 建立一个对象数组，内放5个学生的数据（学号、成绩），设立一个函数max，用指向对象的指针作函数参数，在max函数中找出5个学生中成绩最高者，并输出其学号。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
public:
	Student(int n, float s) :num(n), score(s) {}
	int num;
	float score;
};

void main()
{
	Student stud[5] = {
	 Student(101,78.5),
	 Student(102,85.5),
	 Student(103,98.5),
	 Student(104,100.0),
	 Student(105,95.5)    };
	void max(Student*);
	Student* p = &stud[0];
	max(p);
}

void max(Student* arr)
{
	float max_score = arr[0].score;
	int k = 0;
	for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++)
		if (arr[i].score > max_score) { max_score = arr[i].score; k = i; }
	cout << arr[k].num << " " << max_score << endl;
}

9.6 输出结果

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
public:
	Student(int n, float s) :num(n), score(s) {}
	void change(int n, float s) { num = n; score = s; }
	void display() { cout << num << " " << score << endl; }
private:
	int num;
	float score;
};

int main()
{
	Student stud(101, 78.5);
	stud.display();
	stud.change(101, 80.5);
	stud.display();
	return 0;
}

结果

9.7 修改（1）将main函数第2行改为const Student stud(101, 78.5);

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
public:
    Student(int n, float s) :num(n), score(s) {}
    void change(int n, float s) { num = n; score = s; }
    void display() { cout << num << " " << score << endl; }
private:
    int num;
    float score;
};

int main()
{
    const Student stud(101, 78.5);
    stud.display();
    //stud.change(101,80.5);
    stud.display();
    return 0;
}

情况：error C2662: “void Student::display(void)”: 不能将“this”指针从“const Student”转换为“Student &”

 （2）修改。用change函数修改数据成员num和score的值。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
public:
	Student(int n, float s) :num(n), score(s) {}
	void change(int n, float s) const { num = n; score = s; }
	void display() const { cout << num << " " << score << endl; }
private:
	mutable int num;
	mutable float score;
};

int main()
{
	const Student stud(101, 78.5);
	stud.display();
	stud.change(101, 80.5);
	stud.display();
	return 0;
}

（3）将main函数改为

 int main()
{
    Student stud(101, 78.5);
    Student* p = &stud;
    p->display();
    p->change(101, 80.5);
    p->display();
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
public:
	Student(int n, float s) :num(n), score(s) {}
	void change(int n, float s) { num = n; score = s; }
	void display() { cout << num << " " << score << endl; }
private:
	int num;
	float score;
};

int main()
{
	Student stud(101, 78.5);
	Student* p = &stud;
	p->display();
	p->change(101, 80.5);
	p->display();
	return 0;
}

 （4）在（2）的基础上将main函数第3 行改为    const Student* p = &stud;

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
public:
	Student(int n, float s) :num(n), score(s) {}
	void change(int n, float s) { num = n; score = s; }
	void display() const { cout << num << " " << score << endl; }
private:
	int num;
	float score;
};

int main()
{
	Student stud(101, 78.5);
	const Student* p = &stud;
	p->display();
	stud.change(101, 80.5);
	p->display();
	return 0;
}

（5）再把main函数第3行改为Student* const p = &stud;

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
public:
	Student(int n, float s) :num(n), score(s) {}
	void change(int n, float s) { num = n; score = s; }
	void display() { cout << num << " " << score << endl; }
private:
	int num;
	float score;
};

int main()
{
	Student stud(101, 78.5);
	Student* const p = &stud;
	p->display();
	p->change(101, 80.5);
	p->display();
	return 0;
}

9.8  6题增加一个fun函数，改写main函数。在fun中调用change和display。fun中使用对象的引用（Student&）作为形参。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
public:
	Student(int n, float s) :num(n), score(s) {}
	void change(int n, float s) { num = n; score = s; }
	void display() { cout << num << " " << score << endl; }
private:
	int num;
	float score;
};

int main()
{
	Student stud(101, 78.5);
	void fun(Student&);
	fun(stud);
	return 0;
}

void fun(Student& stu)
{
	stu.display();
	stu.change(101, 80.5);
	stu.display();
}

9.9  商店销售某一商品，商店每天公布统一的折扣（discount）。同时允许销售人员在销售时灵活掌握售价（price），在此基础上，对一次购10件以上者，还可以享受9.8折优惠。现已知当天3名销货员的销售情况为：
销货员号（num）销货件数（quantity）销货单价（price）
   101                   5                      23.5
   102                   12                     24.56
   103                   100                    21.5
请编程序，计算出当日此商品的总销售款sum，以及每件商品的平均售价。要求用静态数据成员和静态成员函数。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Product
{
public:
    Product(int n, int q, float p) :num(n), quantity(q), price(p) {};
    void total();
    static float average();
    static void display();

private:
    int num;
    int quantity;
    float price;
    static float discount;
    static float sum;
    static int n;
};

void Product::total()
{
    float rate = 1.0;
    if (quantity > 10) rate = 0.98 * rate;
    sum = sum + quantity * price * rate * (1 - discount);
    n = n + quantity;
}

void Product::display()
{
    cout << sum << endl;
    cout << average() << endl;
}

float Product::average()
{
    return(sum / n);
}


float Product::discount = 0.05;  //存在擅自打折
float Product::sum = 0;
int Product::n = 0;

int main()
{
    Product Prod[3] = {
      Product(101,5,23.5),Product(102,12,24.56),Product(103,100,21.5)
    };
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
        Prod[i].total();
    Product::display();
    return 0;
}

9.10 将例9.13程序中的display函数不放在Time类中，而作为类外的普通函数，然后分别在Time和Date类中将display声明为友元函数。在主函数中调用display函数，display函数分别引用Time和Date两个类的对象的私有数据，输出年、月、日和时、分、秒。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Date;
class Time
{
public:
	Time(int, int, int);
	friend void display(const Date&, const Time&);
private:
	int hour;
	int minute;
	int sec;
};

Time::Time(int h, int m, int s)
{
	hour = h;
	minute = m;
	sec = s;
}

class Date
{
public:
	Date(int, int, int);
	friend void display(const Date&, const Time&);
private:
	int month;
	int day;
	int year;
};

Date::Date(int m, int d, int y)
{
	month = m;
	day = d;
	year = y;
}

void display(const Date& d, const Time& t)
{
	cout << d.month << "/" << d.day << "/" << d.year << endl;
	cout << t.hour << ":" << t.minute << ":" << t.sec << endl;
}


int main()
{
	Time t1(10, 13, 56);
	Date d1(12, 25, 2004);
	display(d1, t1);
	return 0;
}

9.11  将例9.13中的Time类声明为Date类的友元类，通过Time类中的display函数引用Date类对象的私有数据，输出年、月、日和时、分、秒。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Time;
class Date
{
public:
	Date(int, int, int);
	friend Time;
private:
	int month;
	int day;
	int year;
};

Date::Date(int m, int d, int y) :month(m), day(d), year(y) { }

class Time
{
public:
	Time(int, int, int);
	void display(const Date&);
private:
	int hour;
	int minute;
	int sec;
};

Time::Time(int h, int m, int s) :hour(h), minute(m), sec(s) { }

void Time::display(const Date& d)
{
	cout << d.month << "/" << d.day << "/" << d.year << endl;
	cout << hour << ":" << minute << ":" << sec << endl;
}


int main()
{
	Time t1(10, 13, 56);
	Date d1(12, 25, 2004);
	t1.display(d1);
	return 0;
}

9.12   将例9.14改写为在类模板外定义各成员函数

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class numtype>
class Compare
 {public:
   Compare(numtype a,numtype b);
   numtype max();
   numtype min();
  private:
   numtype x,y;
 };
template <class numtype>
Compare<numtype>::Compare(numtype a,numtype b)
  {x=a;y=b;}
template <class numtype>
numtype Compare<numtype>::max()
 {return (x>y)?x:y;}
template <class numtype>
numtype Compare<numtype>::min()
  {return (x<y)?x:y;}

int main()
{Compare<int> cmp1(3,7);
 cout<<cmp1.max()<<" is the Maximum of two integer numbers."<<endl;
 cout<<cmp1.min()<<" is the Minimum of two integer numbers."<<endl<<endl;
 Compare<float> cmp2(45.78,93.6);
 cout<<cmp2.max()<<" is the Maximum of two float numbers."<<endl;
 cout<<cmp2.min()<<" is the Minimum of two float numbers."<<endl<<endl;
 Compare<char> cmp3('a','A');
 cout<<cmp3.max()<<" is the Maximum of two characters."<<endl;
 cout<<cmp3.min()<<" is the Minimum of two characters."<<endl;
 return 0;
}

---

附赠题中提到的例9.13和例9.14

//例9.13
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Date;
class Time
 {public:
   Time(int,int,int);
   void display(const Date&);
  private:
   int hour;
   int minute;
   int sec;
 };

 class Date
 {public:
   Date(int,int,int);
   friend void Time::display(const Date &);
  private:
   int month;
   int day;
   int year;
 };

 Time::Time(int h,int m,int s)
 {hour=h;
  minute=m;
  sec=s;
 }

void Time::display(const Date &da)
 {cout<<da.month<<"/"<<da.day<<"/"<<da.year<<endl;
  cout<<hour<<":"<<minute<<":"<<sec<<endl;
 }
 
 
Date::Date(int m,int d,int y)
 {month=m;
  day=d;
  year=y;
 }
   
int main()
{Time t1(10,13,56);
 Date d1(12,25,2004);
 t1.display(d1);
 return 0;
}
 

//例9.14
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class numtype>
class Compare
 {public:
   Compare(numtype a,numtype b)
    {x=a;y=b;}
   numtype max()
    {return (x>y)?x:y;}
   numtype min()
    {return (x<y)?x:y;}
  private:
    numtype x,y;
 };
int main()
{Compare<int> cmp1(3,7);
 cout<<cmp1.max()<<" is the Maximum of two inteder numbers."<<endl;
 cout<<cmp1.min()<<" is the Minimum of two inteder numbers."<<endl<<endl;
 Compare<float> cmp2(45.78,93.6);
 cout<<cmp2.max()<<" is the Maximum of two float numbers."<<endl;
 cout<<cmp2.min()<<" is the Minimum of two float numbers."<<endl<<endl;
 Compare<char> cmp3('a','A');
 cout<<cmp3.max()<<" is the Maximum of two characters."<<endl;
 cout<<cmp3.min()<<" is the Minimum of two characters."<<endl;
 return 0;
}