528. 按权重随机选择

给定一个正整数数组 w ，其中 w[i] 代表位置 i 的权重，请写一个函数 pickIndex ，它可以随机地获取位置 i，选取位置 i 的概率与 w[i] 成正比。

说明:

1. 1 <= w.length <= 10000
2. 1 <= w[i] <= 10^5
3. pickIndex 将被调用不超过 10000 次

示例1:

输入: 
["Solution","pickIndex"]
[[[1]],[]]
输出: [null,0]

示例2:

输入: 
["Solution","pickIndex","pickIndex","pickIndex","pickIndex","pickIndex"]
[[[1,3]],[],[],[],[],[]]
输出: [null,0,1,1,1,0]

输入语法说明：

输入是两个列表：调用成员函数名和调用的参数。Solution 的构造函数有一个参数，即数组 w。pickIndex 没有参数。输入参数是一个列表，即使参数为空，也会输入一个 [] 空列表。

class Solution {
public:
    Solution(vector<int> w) {
        sum = w;
        for (int i = 1; i < w.size(); ++i) {
            sum[i] = sum[i - 1] + w[i];
        }
    }
    
    int pickIndex() {
        int x = rand() % sum.back(), left = 0, right = sum.size() - 1;
        while (left < right) {
            int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
            if (sum[mid] <= x) left = mid + 1;
            else right = mid;
        }
        return right;
    }
    
private:
    vector<int> sum;
};

/**
 * Your Solution object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * Solution obj = new Solution(w);
 * int param_1 = obj.pickIndex();
 */