449. Serialize and Deserialize BST

Serialization is the process of converting a data structure or object into a sequence of bits so that it can be stored in a file or memory buffer, or transmitted across a network connection link to be reconstructed later in the same or another computer environment. 

Design an algorithm to serialize and deserialize a binary search tree. There is no restriction on how your serialization/deserialization algorithm should work. You just need to ensure that a binary search tree can be serialized to a string and this string can be deserialized to the original tree structure.

The encoded string should be as compact as possible.

Note: Do not use class member/global/static variables to store states. Your serialize and deserialize algorithms should be stateless.

这里先用stack进行preorder遍历，用“,”分隔node.val组成string，这是encode。对于decode，先分隔出所有的substring，用queue存下node.val，根据BST的性质，可以知道第一个数是root，向后遍历后面所有比他小的数在左子树，之后的数在右子树，递归构造整个数。代码如下：

/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * public class TreeNode {
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode left;
 *     TreeNode right;
 *     TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
 * }
 */
public class Codec {

    // Encodes a tree to a single string.
    public String serialize(TreeNode root) {
        if (root == null) {
            return "null";
        }
        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
        Stack<TreeNode> stack = new Stack<TreeNode>();
        stack.push(root);
        while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
            root = stack.pop();
            builder.append(root.val).append(',');
            if (root.right != null) stack.push(root.right);
            if (root.left != null) stack.push(root.left);
        }
        System.out.print(stack);
        return builder.toString();
    }

    // Decodes your encoded data to tree.
    public TreeNode deserialize(String data) {
        if (data.equals("null")) {
            return null;
        }
        Queue<Integer> queue = new LinkedList<Integer>();
        String[] strs= data.split(",");
        for (String str: strs) {
            queue.offer(Integer.parseInt(str));
        }
        return getNode(queue);
    }
    
    private TreeNode getNode(Queue<Integer> queue) {
        if (queue.isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        TreeNode root = new TreeNode(queue.poll());
        Queue<Integer> smallerNodes = new LinkedList<Integer>();
        while (!queue.isEmpty() && queue.peek() < root.val) {
            smallerNodes.offer(queue.poll());
        }
        root.left = getNode(smallerNodes);
        root.right = getNode(queue);
        return root;
    }
}

// Your Codec object will be instantiated and called as such:
// Codec codec = new Codec();
// codec.deserialize(codec.serialize(root));